1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 13 January 2003. Printed in the United States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-3519-4 SH95077
2、PDF: ISBN 0-7381-3520-8 SS95077No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std C95.3-2002 (R2008)(Revision ofIEEE Std C95.3-1991)IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Co
3、mputations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz300 GHzSponsorIEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety(Standards Coordinating Committee 28 on Non-Ionizing Radiation)Approved 11 December 2002Reaffirmed 12 June 2008IEEE-SA Standa
4、rds BoardAbstract: Techniques and instrumentation for the measurement and computation of potentiallyhazardous electromagnetic (EM) fields both in the near field and the far field of the electromagneticsource are specified. The specifications previously set forth in IEEE Std C95.3-1991 are extendedan
5、d combined. Leakage and near-field measurements and a description of the concepts,techniques, and instruments that can be applied to the measurement of specific absorption rate(SAR) or the electric field strength in organisms (including humans) and phantoms exposed toelectromagnetic fields are inclu
6、ded. Below 100 MHz, the current flowing through the body to groundis measurable and can be used to determine the SAR and, therefore, a brief treatment of low-frequency body current measurement is included.Keywords: electromagnetic field computation, electromagnetic field measurements, exposureassess
7、ment, non-ionizing radiation, RF/microwave hazard assessment, RF/microwave surveyinstruments, RF/microwave surveys, specific absorption rate (SAR) assessment Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 22, 2008 at 14:29 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.IEEE S
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24、atents that are brought to its attention.Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 22, 2008 at 14:29 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C95.3-2002, IEEE Recomme
25、nded Practice for Measurements and Computa-tions of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure, 100 kHz300 GHz.)In 1960, the American Standards Association approved the initiation of the Radiation Hazards Standardsproject under the co-sponsorship of the Department of the N
26、avy and the Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers.Prior to 1988, C95 standards were developed by accredited standards committee C95, and submitted toANSI for approval and issuance as ANSI C95 standards. Between 1988 and 1990, the committee wasconverted to Standards Coordinating Committee
27、28 under the sponsorship of the IEEE Standards Board, andin 2001,became also known as the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES). Inaccordance with policies of the IEEE, C95 standards will be issued and developed as IEEE standards, aswell as being submitted to ANSI for recognition.
28、The present scope of ICES is:“Development of standards for the safe use of electromagnetic energy in the range of 0 Hz300 GHz relativeto the potential hazards of exposure of man, volatile materials, and explosive devices to such energy. Thecommittee does not address infrared, visible, ultraviolet, o
29、r ionizing radiation. The committee willcoordinate with other committees whose scopes are contiguous with ICES.”IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety is responsible for this recommended practice.There are ve subcommittees concerned with the following: I Techniques, Procedures, Instr
30、umentation, and Computation II Terminology, Units of Measurements and Hazard Communication III Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 03 kHz IV Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 3 kHz300 GHz V Safety Levels with Respect to Electro-Explosive DevicesThree standards, two recommended
31、practices, and one guide have been issued. Current versions are asfollows:IEEE Std C95.1TM,1999 edition, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure toRadio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz300 GHz.IEEE Std C95.2TM-1999 IEEE Standard for Radio Frequency Energy and Current Fl
32、ow Symbols.(Supersedes ANSI C95.2-1982)IEEE Std C95.3-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of RadioFrequency Electromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure to such Fields, 100 kHz300 GHz.(Supersedes IEEE Std C95.3-1991.)IEEE Std C95.4-2002, IEEE Recommended Practi
33、ce for Determining Safe Distances from Radio FrequencyTransmitting Antennas When Using Electric Blasting Caps During Explosive Operations.IEEE Std 1460TM-1996, IEEE Guide for the Measurement of Quasi-Static Magnetic and Electric Fields.This recommended practice extends the specications previously se
34、t forth in IEEE Std C95.3-1991. Thisdocument includes leakage and near-eld measurements. Further, many contemporary RF exposureguidelines and standards, including IEEE Std C95.1-1991, recommend limits for specic absorption rate(SAR) in biological tissues and limits for induced current and contact cu
35、rrent associated with exposure toelectromagnetic elds. Therefore, this recommended practice includes a description of the concepts,Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 22, 2008 at 14:29 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.ivCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights
36、 putational techniques, and measurement techniques and instrumentation that can be applied to thedetermination of SAR in organisms and phantoms exposed to electromagnetic elds, and a description of theinstrumentation and techniques for measuring induced and contact currents. This document also discu
37、ssesseveral methods that can be used to calibrate eld-measuring instruments, instruments for measuring SAR,and instruments used for measuring induced and contact current. This document is intended primarily for use by engineers, biophysicists, and other specialists who arefamiliar with basic electro
38、magnetic (EM) eld theory and practice, and the potential hazards associated withEM elds. It will be most useful to bioeffects researchers, instrument developers, and manufacturers, thosedeveloping calibration systems and standards, and individuals involved in critical hazard assessments orsurveys. S
39、ubcommittee 1 on Techniques, Procedures, Instrumentation and computation was originally organized on7 April 1960, to establish specications for techniques and instrumentation used in evaluating potentiallyhazardous radio frequency (RF) radiation. In June 1985 the scope was claried and the purpose wa
40、sextended to establish specications for techniques and instrumentation to be used in evaluating potential RFhazards to mankind from exposure to manmade sources of EM radiation or from the exposure of volatilematerials and explosive devices to such radiation. The subcommittee does not address infrare
41、d, visible,ultraviolet, or ionizing radiationThe following is a list of participants in Subcommittee I on Techniques, Procedures, Instrumentation, andComputation of IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICESStandards CoordinatingCommittee 28).Howard Bassen,ChairRonald C. Petersen,S
42、ecretaryThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted forapproval, disapproval, or abstention. Eleanor R. AdairEdward AslanTadeusz M. BabijQuirino BalzanoDavid BaronJohn A. BergeronAviva BrecherC. K. ChouRobert F. ClevelandJules CohenDavid L. Conov
43、erAlice Fahy-ElwoodOm P. GandhiArthur W. GuyWayne C. HammerJames B. HateldWilliam D. HurtVeronica IvansMotohisa Kanda*Werner KumbierNiels KusterJohn A. LeonowichRaymond LuebbersEd MantiplyStewart MaurerMartin MisakianMichael R. MooreRichard G. OlsenJohn M. OsepchukBrad J. RobertsVeli SantomaaRichard
44、 A. TellDonald J. UmbdenstockLouis A. Williams, Jr.*DeceasedJ. Robert AshleyWilliam BaileyDavid BaronAviva BrecherC. K. ChouJules CohenRobert CurtisThahn DovanKenneth GettmanGregory GorsuchSheila JohnstonShaiela KandelJoseph L. KoepngerJohn LeonowichJames LinArthur LightPatrick MasonDaleep MohlaAbdu
45、l MousaMichael NewmanJohn M. OsepchukRonald C. PetersenSteve PittmanVikram PunjMarkus RiedererErvin RootMays SwicordArthur VaranelliLouis A. Williams, Jr.Richard WoodsDonald W. ZipseMarvin ZiskinAuthorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 22, 2008 at 14:29 from I
46、EEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.vWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 11 December 2002, it had the followingmembership:James T. Carlo,ChairJames H. Gurney,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included is the following non
47、voting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeSatish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeNoelle D. HumenickIEEE Standards Project EditorSid BennettH. Stephen BergerClyde R. CampRichard DeBlasioHarold E. EpsteinJulian Forster*Howard M. FrazierToshio FukudaArnold M. GreenspanRaymo
48、nd HapemanDonald M. HeirmanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepnger*Peter H. LipsNader MehravariDaleep C. MohlaWilliam J. MoylanMalcolm V. ThadenGeoffrey O. ThompsonHoward L. WolfmanDon WrightAuthorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 22, 2008 at 14:
49、29 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.viCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.Contents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 11.3 Frequency range. 21.4 Quantities and parameters to be measured. 31.5 Types of situations covered . 32. References 43. Definitions 54. Measurement problems associated with RF hazard assessment 144.1 Characteristics of RF EM radiation .144.2 Summary of the measurement problem . 174.3 SAR measurement problems 214.4 Induced current measurement problems 225. Instrumentation 225.1 Instrumentation
