1、北京外国语大学英语语言学真题 2010 年及答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)Explain the following terms:（分数：50.00）(1).langue（分数：5.00）_(2).phoneme（分数：5.00）_(3).prefix（分数：5.00）_(4).part of speech（分数：5.00）_(5).back-formation（分数：5.00）_(6).polysemy（分数：5.00）_(7).speech community（分数：5.00）_(8).interlanguage（分数：5.00）_(9).syllabus（分数：5.
2、00）_(10).comprehensible input（分数：5.00）_Answer the following questions:（分数：40.00）(1).How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?（分数：10.00）_(2).What is the aim of IC (immediate constituent) analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brack
3、ets or a tree diagram? My mother said Mary liked the handbag.（分数：10.00）_(3).What is your comment on the following paragraph? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewrite it that way. One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, Father“s horse fell with Father. Not only did the
4、 stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Father“s foot. Father pulled Father“s foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for Father“s ride. But Father found later that one of Father“s toes had been bent and that Father couldn“t straighten the toe out.（分数：10.00）_(4).In what w
5、ay are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning?（分数：10.00）_Essay-writing: （分数：60.00）(1).What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon. 甲：上车请买票。 乙：三张天安门。 甲：您拿好。（分数：30.00）_(2).So
6、me adult second language learners may have stayed in an English speaking country for years. However, when they speak, their English can still be full of mistakes. What do you think might be the problem? Use a second language acquisition theory to analyze the problem.（分数：30.00）_北京外国语大学英语语言学真题 2010 年答
7、案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)Explain the following terms:（分数：50.00）(1).langue（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. It is abstract a
8、nd relatively stable.(2).phoneme（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Phoneme: It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/is described as a phoneme.(3).prefix（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Prefix : In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix
9、that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes (they can not occur as independent words). While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are less common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has b
10、een found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions.(4).part of speech（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Part of speech : One of a group of traditional classifications of words according to their functions in context, including the noun,
11、 pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, and sometimes the article.(5).back-formation（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Back-formation: Back-formation refers to an unusually abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a lo
12、nger form already in the language. Take televise for example. The word television appeared before televise . The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language.(6).polysemy（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Polysemy: Polyse
13、my means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal: Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language“s econo
14、my and efficiency.(7).speech community（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Speech community: Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high sch
15、ool students or hip hop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group“s special purposes and priorities.(8).interlanguage（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(
16、)解析：interlanguage: It refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It“s a language system between the target language and the learner“s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not
17、mere translation from the learner“s native language. For example, when a Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society“.(9).syllabus（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：略(10).comprehensible input（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Comprehensible input: It means any input must be comprehensible i
18、f it is to have any effect on learning. The concept of comprehensible input is that second language acquisition depends upon the learners“ attempts to extract meaning from the language input. The language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence so that
19、they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress. Input should be neither too difficult nor too easy for the learners.Answer the following questions:（分数：40.00）(1).How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：Both the traffic l
20、ight system and human linguistic system can symbolize some information in communication whereas the linguistic system is more complicated. However, the linguistic system has several distinctive features that no other systems have, including the traffic light system. (1) Language is arbitrary which m
21、eans that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. But in traffic light system, there are direct logical connections between the light signals and their meanings. (2) Language is hierarchical, that“s to say linguistic system has two levels of structures, the units of the primary l
22、evel are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. However, the traffic light system has no hierarchical system and the structure is composed by a single level. (3) Language is creative. By “creativity“ we mean language is resource
23、ful because of its duality and its excursiveness. Because of duality, speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. But there is no recursive nature in traffic light system which means that it can not pro
24、duce new meaning.(2).What is the aim of IC (immediate constituent) analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram? My mother said Mary liked the handbag.（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：The goal of immediate constituent analysis is to analyze a linguistic e
25、xpression into a hierarchically defined series of constituents. It is to break a syntactic unit and to describe these constitutes according to their forms and functions. Verbal structural descriptions, especially when we are dealing with longer syntactic units, such as sentences, can be rather lengt
26、hy and can vary in forms and styles. Therefore, linguists developed various ways to represent structural descriptions graphically, depicting constituent structure in a uniform and easily readable manner. (3).What is your comment on the following paragraph? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewr
27、ite it that way. One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, Father“s horse fell with Father. Not only did the stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Father“s foot. Father pulled Father“s foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for Father“s ride. But
28、 Father found later that one of Father“s toes had been bent and that Father couldn“t straighten the toe out.（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：The above paragraph is too loose in structure, lacking coherence. It is wordy, not concise, not good at using pronoun. It can be rewritten as the following: One winter mor
29、ning when father left the Riding Club on the horse back, but the horse fell with him and not only did the stupid animal fall but it landed on Father“s foot. Father pulled his foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the park for his ride. But he found later that one of his toes had been
30、 bent and that he couldn“t straighten the toe out. The text can be rewritten in such way by the theory of coherence in discourse analysis. Coherence means that one sentence moves into the next logically and smoothly within paragraphs and from paragraph to paragraph. It refers to the unity created be
31、tween the ideas, sentences, paragraphs and sections of a piece of writing. Coherence is what gives a piece of writing its flow. It also gives the reader a sense of what to be expected and, therefore, makes the readers easier to follow as the ideas appear to be presented in a natural, almost automati
32、c way. When writing lacks coherence, the reader is forced to stop and reread. Generally speaking, the coherence can be achieved via four different ways: 1) using appropriate transition words/phrases and conjunctions; 2) using referent words or phrases that stand for previously mentioned words/ideas;
33、 3) the repetition of key words; 4) arranging sentences and paragraphs in logical order. The coherence of this piece of writing can be also achieved through these four different aspects: Firstly, the employment of conjunctions. Many different types of conjunctions can be used in the passage, namely
34、“although“, “and“, “or“, and “nevertheless“. “Although“ is employed to express the meaning of concession, “and“ serves as the addition, and “nevertheless“ is used to show the change or transition of the meaning. Secondly, the reference. In this short passage, we can identify the anaphoric pronouns s
35、erve as the reference. For example, “it“ can refer to “the animal“, “his“ can refer to “Father“s“ in this text, which has contributed to the smooth transition of the plot. Thirdly, the repetition of keywords. The hero of the text, the pronoun “he“, is constantly emphasized. Last but not the least, a
36、rranging sentences and paragraphs in logical order. The logic of this passage is actualized through the development of plot and the employment of conjunctions. In a word, the employment of these four different ways has greatly contributed to the coherence of the short text, without which we would ha
37、ve great difficulties in understanding what the text is about.(4).In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning?（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：With the development of the computer technology and internet system, more and more people touch upon the com
38、puter field. Computer has been used in the classroom for foreign language teaching and learning. CAI stands for computer-assisted instruction, which means the use of a computer in a teaching program. CAL stands for computer-assisted learning, which means the use of computer in both teaching and lear
39、ning. Following CAI and CAL, CALL, acronym for Computer Assisted Language Learning, refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language, If CAI or CAL deals with teaching and learning in general, then CALL deals with language teaching and learning in particula
40、r. CALL provided a beneficial and convenient approach for language learners to improve their abilities. For example, students can gain a quick access to any materials on the internet. The computer is not an individual resource for each student any more, instead, it is a trigger for interaction betwe
41、en the students and it is the focus for group work which allows some activities, such as the activity role-play interaction. The use of multimedia technology enables different information types to be simultaneously available on the computer, as a result, spoken language and moving video is produced other than mere presentat
