1、大学英语四级-134 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)After intensive research, scientists have concluded that politicians lie. In a study described in Britain“s Observer newspaper, Glen Newey, a political scientist at Britain“s University of Strathcly
2、de, concluded that lying is an important part of 1 in the modem democracy. “Politicians need to be more honest about lying,“ he told the newspaper. According to Newey, voters expect to be lied to in certain circumstances, and sometimes even 2 it. “Politics should be regarded as less like an exercise
3、 in producing 3 statements and more like a poker game,“ he said. “And there is an expectation by a poker player that you try to 4 them as part of the game.“ Newey said lying by politicians can occasionally be 4 justified, such as when national security is at 6 , and the public even has a “right to b
4、e lied to“ in cases where they do not expect to be told the whole truth, such as during a war. But the main cause of lying is increased 7 by the public into areas that the government would rather not discuss candidly. If voters only asked fewer questions, politicians would tell them fewer lies. Bill
5、 Clinton 8 lied about his affair with Monica Lewinsky, while earlier philandering (追逐女人的 ) U.S. presidents never had to lie about their 8 , because nobody ever asked. “When 10 or parliamentary colleagues start to probe at that area which the government wants to keep secret, you are more likely to be
6、 pushed further and further toward the territory of lying,“ Newey said. A. famously B. require C. politics D. miserable E. intermediate F. journalists G. representing H. affairs I. mechanism J. truthful K. faithfully L. probing M. deceive N. risk O. entirely（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：30.00)The L
7、ost Art of ListeningA “Why won“t he even listen to my idea? Why am I cut off before I provide the whole story?“ How many times have you been frustrated by someone not listening to what you have to say? How many times have you frustrated others by not listening to them? We tend to think that listenin
8、g is the same as hearing; but listening is the art of being alert to the problems of the person you are with. Problems caused by not listening can be serious, not only at work, but also with family and friends. Many times we jump in to say what“s on our minds before we“ve even acknowledged what the
9、other person has said, short circuiting the possibility of mutual understanding. Speaking without listening, hearing without understanding. In fact we“re often baffled and dismayed by the feeling of being left sitting around in the dark. B Effective managers are proactive (主动的) listeners. They don“t
10、 wait for members of their staff to come to them; they make an active effort to find out what people think and feel by asking them. The manager who meets frequently with staff members keeps informed and, even more importantly, communicates interest in the people themselves. An open-door policy allow
11、s access, but it doesn“t substitute for an active campaign of reaching out and hstening to people. The manager who doesn“t ask questions communicates that he or she doesn“t care. And if he or she doesn“t listen, the message is “I“m not there for you.“ Even if a manager decides not to follow a subord
12、inate“s suggestion, listening with sincere interest conveys respect and makes the employee feel appreciated. C Communicating by memo or e-mailhowever witty or informalis not substitute for personal contact, because it closes off the chance to listen. Simply going through the motions of meeting with
13、people doesn“t work either. The fake listener doesn“t fool anyone. Poor eye contact, shuffling feet, busy hands, and meaningless replies, like “That“s interesting“ and “Is that right?“ give them away. The insincere listener“s lack of interest in the conversation betrays a larger problem: lack of int
14、erest in the person with whom the listener is communicating. D Most people don“t listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply. Even at work, where performance takes priority over relationships, listening carefully to understand the other person“s point of viewbefore you
15、 even think about replyingis the key to productive communication. Effective managers develop a routine in which communication time is an integral part of the job. They meet with their staff and ask questions. They don“t react before gathering all the facts. If they don“t know what their people are t
16、hinking and feeling, they askand“ they listen. E When we don“t feel heard by our“ superiors, few of us give up right away. We write memos, we ask to meet with them, we try to communicate our needs and convey our points of view. Then we give up. Frequently, we complain to our coworkers and our family
17、 and friends. Venting feelings of frustration with third parties rather than addressing conflicts at their source can take on epidemic proportions in work settings. Sometimes it takes the form of gossip, running down someone who“s not present. F But, some of you might be thinking, my boss really is
18、insensitive. I“ve tried to talk to him, and he just doesn“t listen. The mistake people make in trying to get through to unreceptive superiors is the same mistake most of us make in dealing with the difficult people in our lives: we try to change them. And when that doesn“t work, we give up. Instead,
19、 start by examining your own expectations. What do you want and how are you programmed to go about getting it? Are you expecting to have your personal needs met at work? Do you work hard and wait patiently for the boss to tell you that you“re doing a great job, like a good little boy or girl? G List
20、ening is important at work because it enables people to understand each other, get along and get the job done. But don“t get too personal. Don“t let your compassion allow someone to talk about their personal problems, which is interfering with work. This may be happening if you“re the only person he
21、 talks to. A good supervisor keeps channels of communication openand keeps them focused on the task at hand-by asking for frequent feedback about how things are going (on the job). “What do you like and dislike so far about working here? Is there anything you think we should change to make things sm
22、oother?“ H Remember that it can be intimidating for subordinates to give criticism or make suggestions. If you want them to feel safe enough to open up, reassure them that you appreciate their ideas. “I“m glad you spoke up.“ “Thanks for letting me know.“ “I didn“t realize. I“m glad you told me.“ Lis
23、tening to the people we work with isn“t the same as becoming friends with them. Many people worry that if we allow ourselves to get personal at the workplace, things might get sticky. But those who think that effective teamwork isn“t about listening (it“s about getting things done) are wrong. Withou
24、t being heard we are diminished, as workers and as people. I Keep in mind the difference between dissent (异议) and defiance (挑衅). Defiance means attacking the other person“s position and making him wrong. Dissent means having the courage to stand up for what you think and feel. It“s the difference be
25、tween saying “You“re wrong“ and “This is how I feel.“ Clearly, a dissenting message is much easier to hear than a defiant one. The listener is more willing and interested in hearing a dissenter“s objection. Someone who hears a defiant objection will tend to either ignore the comment or be rudely cou
26、nter-defiant. This is a common problem that tends to increase barriers between people, something you don“t want in a work environment where teamwork is necessary. Careful listening is difficult and takes practice to improve. Try harder to understand the other person“s perspective.（分数：30.00）(1).Perso
27、nal contact can never be replaced by communicating through memo or e-mail which might be witty or informal.（分数：3.00）(2).If an employee wants to communicate with an unreceptive superior, he should not try to change the boss.（分数：3.00）(3).Effective managers make an active effort to keep informed of wha
28、t a staff member thinks.（分数：3.00）(4).It is not allowed to talk about personal problems at work, because it interferes with work.（分数：3.00）(5).The saying “This is how I feel“ can be classified as a dissenting message.（分数：3.00）(6).It is useful to send the message to the subordinate that their ideas wou
29、ld be appreciated because it can let them feel safe to open up.（分数：3.00）(7).When we don“t feel heard by our superiors, most of us won“t give up immediately.（分数：3.00）(8).The key to productive communication is to listen with the intent to understand.（分数：3.00）(9).Different from hearing, listening is th
30、e art of being alert to the problems of those you are with.（分数：3.00）(10).A good supervisor frequently asks for feedback about how things are going so that he can keep channels of communication open.（分数：3.00）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For thousands of years, people thought
31、 of glass as something beautiful to look at. Only recently have they come to think of it as something to look through. Stores display their goods in large glass windows. Glass bottles and jars that hold food and drink allow us to see the contents. Glass is used to make eyeglasses, microscopes, teles
32、copes, and many other extremely useful and necessary objects. Until the Second World War, most of the glass used for optical instruments was imported from Europe. However, during the war Americans could not get European glass, and they were forced to make their own. As a result, new kinds of glasses
33、 were developed that had been previously unknown. These new effects were achieved by mixing other chemical elements with the sand. Some of these new glasses are very strong and can resist many kinds of shocks. Legend has it that a very hard glass was invented by a Roman who showed his discovery to t
34、he Emperor. When the Emperor saw the glass he feared that it would become more valuable than gold and silver, making his treasure worthless. Therefore, he had the glassmaker killed, and the secret was not discovered again for hundreds of years. In the present century, safety glass was invented for u
35、se in modern cars and planes. Safety glass is made by placing a layer of plastic between two layers of plate glass. When the outside layer of glass is broken, the pieces do not scatter and injure people. Some glass of this type is strong enough to resist bullets. Although in recent years plastics ha
36、ve replaced glass under conditions where glass might be easily broken, there are new uses being developed, for the greatest advantage of glass is that its component parts are inexpensive and can be found all over the world.（分数：20.00）(1).With the passage of time, glass _.（分数：4.00）A.is regarded as tra
37、nsparentB.is no longer seen as decorationC.is used to make things look pleasantD.is widely used to replace steel in making containers(2).Why did Americans make their own glass during the Second World War?（分数：4.00）A.The war blocked the way of glass import.B.They refused to use the European glass.C.Th
38、e glass made in Europe was out of date.D.They were able to make a new kind of glass.(3).By telling the legend, the author wants to _.（分数：4.00）A.prove that the Roman was the first inventor of hard glassB.support that the Americans were as clever as the RomansC.give some interesting information about
39、hard glassD.provide a historical event concerned with hard glass(4).All of the following concerning the safety glass are discussed in the text EXCEPT _.（分数：4.00）A.its usesB.its strengthC.its structureD.its limitations(5).New uses of glass are being developed on the ground that _.（分数：4.00）A.glass is
40、not as safe as plasticsB.glass is not as strong and durable as plasticsC.glass is easily obtainable and inexpensiveD.glass is more and more widely used六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The Eskimos have developed a capacity to live peacefully with one another. They have not had a strict system of landowne
41、rship, one of the universal causes of conflict. They have evolved a system of food-sharing among families that makes the preservation of life possible. The absolute necessity of creating this safeguard against starvation has strengthened bonds between neighbors. Almost every traveler has noted the E
42、skimos“ friendliness and good humor toward strangers and among themselves. In a country where agriculture is impossible they have been forced to spend their energies in food- gathering rather than warfare. If one family disagreed with another, the usual solution was for that family to pick up its fe
43、w possessions and go elsewhere. In the vast unused land, moving presented almost no problem. The practice of infanticide, and suicide among the old people, seems to have been a factor of survival in times of food scarcity. The size of the family was controlled to some extent by the ability of the fa
44、ther as a hunter and by the abundance of game (猎物) in the area. Marriage was a very serious and lifelong bond among Eskimos; in order to choose a permanent and compatible mate a number of trial marriages were permitted, each lasting perhaps half a year. During the trial period a couple usually lived
45、 with the girl“s parents and the young man hunted exclusively for his future father-in-law. If a child was born as a result of an unsuccessful trial marriage it was adopted by relatives or friends. Children are often given out for adoption in the Eskimos society and are eagerly adopted by other fami
46、lies, for the Eskimos“ camp and nomad (游牧民族的) group represent a kind of extended family. Polygamy (一夫多妻制) was occasionally practiced by the most successful hunters, but usually to protect a widow or a girl who had lost her father.（分数：20.00）(1).The Eskimos live peacefully with one another because of
47、_.（分数：4.00）A.their system of landownershipB.their system of food-sharingC.the development of agricultureD.their love for moving(2).The author“s attitude to infanticide can be best described as _.（分数：4.00）A.criticalB.horrifiedC.understandingD.favorable(3).Which of the following is true of an Eskimo f
48、amily?（分数：4.00）A.The more successful a hunter was, the bigger his family would be.B.The more successful a hunter was, the more wives he would marry.C.The more successful a hunter was, the more probable he would marry a widow.D.The more successful a hunter was, the more probable his wife was a father
49、less girl.(4).It can be inferred about the Eskimo marriage that _.（分数：4.00）A.trial marriage was permitted only once in one“s lifetimeB.young couples lived by themselves during the trial periodC.children out of trial marriage would be given to othersD.divorce was not accepted by the Eskimos(5).It is implied by the author that _.（分数：4.00）A.the Eskimo fathers play the role of breadwinnerB.the Eskimo children are not cherished by their parentsC.when the Eskimos grow old, they usually kill themselvesD.the Eskimos will retain their way of life大学英语四级-134
