Chapter 14Talaro.ppt
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1、1,Chapter 14 Talaro,The Nature of Host Defenses Nonspecific Defense,2,Defenses can be classified as either (1) innate & nonspecific or (2) acquired & specific,3,1st Line of Defense Physical / anatomical barriers Chemical barriers Innate /genetic barriers 2nd Line of Defense Phagocytic white blood ce
2、lls Inflammation - Complement proteins Fever - Interferon 3rd Line of Defense B cells Antibodies T cells Specific - acquired Killer cells,Nonspecific - innate,4,Physical or Anatomical Barriers,Outermost layer of skin Epithelial cells Compacted, cemented together & impregnated with keratin Damaged ce
3、lls are rapidly replaced Sweat glands Flushing effect Mucous membranes Impedes attachment & entry of bacteria- also keeps membranes moist Blinking & tear production also keeps surfaces moist Nasal hair traps larger particles Ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract keeps moving small obj
4、ects out on a continual basis. (“ciliated escalator”),5,Chemical Defenses,Sebaceous secretions sebum and dead cells Inhibit attachment of bacteria also lysozyme, phospholipase 2 amd lactoferrin Acidic pH of vagina normal flora like Lactobacillus Urine correlated with high concentrations of urea and
5、ammonia,6,Physical & Chemical Barriers,General protection mechanisms that attempt to stop pathogens from invading the body.Evidence for the effectiveness of physical & chemical barriers can be deduced by observing individuals who have lost or never had them.,7,Genetic Defenses,Some hosts are genetic
6、ally immune to the diseases of other hosts Some pathogens have great specificity Some pathogens have a narrow host range,“Humans cant acquire distemperfrom cats & cats cant getmumps from humans.”Foundations in Microbiology (5th) Talaro,“Shigella are pathogens of humans and baboons but notchimpanzees
7、.” Todars On-Line Textbook of Bacteriology,Why?,Possible ExplanationsAbsence of receptor on host cellAbsence of a particular cell or tissueInappropriate temperature for growthMissing nutritional requirementMissing target for toxin,Age, sex, stress, diet/malnutrition, trauma or other disease may pred
8、ispose the host to infection. Todars On-Line Textbook of Bacteriology,8,The Second Line of Host Defense,Second line of defense is much more complex,involves many different types of cells, many levelsPhagocytosisInflammation redness and increased blood flow and increase in temperature, edema Fever in
9、crease in temperature of bodyComplement proteins,9,Immunology: the study of the immune system,Surveillance of the body Immune cells constantly move throughout the body searching for pathogens & infected / damaged cells Recognition of foreign material Self versus non-self Glycoproteins Destruction of
10、 foreign entities or infected/damaged cells Phagocytosis Induce apotopsis Programmed Cell Death,Immune system is responsible for,10,Epitope,Ab recognize and bind to a specific epitope,Proteins produced by the immune system that specifically binds to an epitope and initiates its removal of the antige
11、n from the body,Some more definitions,11,Specialized WBC “touch” cells as they pass through tissues. The WBC recognize surface glycoproteins to determine what is self and what is not. An immune response is mounted if non-self glycoproteins are recognized.,12,Human Body & the Immune System Network of
12、 cells & fluids that permeate every organ & tissue Fluid-filled spaces that are interconnected,Reticuloendothelial System (RES) Very important part of immune system consists of monocytes and macrophages Fibrous support network enmeshing cells reticular connective tissue This web connects one cell to
13、 another within a tissue or organ and provides a niche for phagocytic WBC Reticulum = small net Endothelium = lining of a blood vessel Extracellular fluid (ECF) Spaces surrounding tissue cells Bloodstream Lymphatic System A system of vessels & organs that serve as sites for the development of immune
14、 cells Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & gut-associated lymphoid tissue,13,Dendritic Cells An antigen-presenting leukocyte that is found in the skin, mucosa, and lymphoid tissues and that initiates a primary immune response.,Neutrophil Cell An abundant type of granular white blood cell that is highly de
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- CHAPTER14TALAROPPT
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