1、Carbon dioxide capture Carbon dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 27912:2016. The UK participation in it
2、s preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PSE/265, Carbon Capture Transportation and Storage. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are
3、 responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 84767 7 ICS 13.020.40 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority o
4、f the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO 2016 Carbon dioxide capture Carbon dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes Capture du dioxyde de carbone Systmes de
5、 capture du dioxyde de carbone, technologies et processus TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 27912 Reference number ISO/TR 27912:2016(E) First edition 2016-05-15 PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights r
6、eserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either
7、 ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)Foreword vii Introducti
8、on viii 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 8 5 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture system .12 5.1 General 12 5.2 Classification of CO 2capture systems 14 5.3 System boundary .16 6 Review and documentation 16 6.1 General 16 6.2 Separation pr
9、ocesses 18 6.2.1 Separation with sorbents/solvents 18 6.2.2 Separation with membranes 21 6.2.3 Separation by cryogenics or flash evaporation 22 7 Post-combustion capture in the power industry .22 7.1 System boundary .22 7.1.1 Boundary with power plant or other process stream (cooling water, steam, f
10、lue gas, product CO 2 ) .22 7.1.2 Boundary of the PCC plant .25 7.1.3 Boundary with transport and storage of CO 2. 25 7.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .25 7.2.1 Chemical absorption process based on (alkanol-) amines (amine process) (A) .25 7.2.2 Chilled ammonia process (CAP) (B) .26 7.2.3 A
11、mino acid salts (AAS) process (C) 27 7.3 Carbon dioxide streams, flue gas streams and emissions, process and waste products 28 7.3.1 Flue Gas streams .28 7.3.2 Composition of carbon dioxide streams .32 7.3.3 Solvent streams, reclaiming waste products 34 7.3.4 Waste (process) water streams 35 7.3.5 E
12、mission determination and calculation .36 7.3.6 Process by-products . 37 7.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance37 7.4.1 Clarification of the evaluation basis .38 7.4.2 Basic performance .38 7.4.3 Utility consumption 40 7.4.4 Operability (operational requirements).41 7.4.5 Economic evaluati
13、on index 42 7.5 Safety issues .43 7.5.1 Safety categories .43 7.5.2 Relevant equipment and manifestations .44 7.5.3 Chemical substances and their behaviours .46 7.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) .49 7.5.5 Preventive measures .49 7.6 Reliability issues .52 7.6.1 Need for reliability assessm
14、ent 52 7.6.2 Operational reliability 53 7.6.3 Reliability evaluation methods .54 7.6.4 Parameters of reliability .54 7.7 Management system .57 7.7.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source 57 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
15、7.7.2 Operational management 58 7.7.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization 59 7.8 Reference plants .59 8 Pre-combustion capture in power industry 60 8.1 General 60 8.2 System boundary .61 8.3 Technologies, equipment and processes .62 8.3.1 Establishment of CO 2capture rate 62 8.3.2
16、CO 2capture process .62 8.4 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products 65 8.4.1 CO 2streams .66 8.4.2 Synthetic gas streams .68 8.4.3 Waste products .69 8.5 Evaluation procedure for capture performance69 8.5.1 Definition of greenhouse gas (GHG) capture rate 69 8.5.
17、2 Evaluation procedure for capture performance 96 . 70 8.6 Safety issues .73 8.7 Reliability issues .74 8.8 Management system .74 8.8.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source 74 8.8.2 Operational management 75 8.8.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization 76 9 Oxyf
18、uel combustion power plant with CO 2capture76 9.1 System boundary .77 9.2 Technology, processes and equipment 78 9.2.1 Boiler island and auxiliary equipment.78 9.2.2 Steam turbine island and generators 79 9.2.3 Air separation unit (ASU) 80 9.2.4 Flue gas processing units (environmental island) .86 9
19、.2.5 Flue gas condenser (flue gas cooler) .89 9.2.6 CO 2processing unit (CPU)91 9.2.7 Balance of plant 110 9.3 Product CO 2 , other major gas streams, emissions and waste products 111 9.3.1 Product CO 2111 9.3.2 Other gas streams .114 9.3.3 Emissions and waste products from oxyfuel combustion power
20、plant .118 9.4 Evaluation procedure for CO 2capture performance .119 9.5 Safety issues 119 9.5.1 Safe operation of the ASU and handling of oxygen on site .120 9.5.2 Prevention procedure of known risks to fire and/or explosion in the boiler or mills should be revisited for oxyfuel combustion operatio
21、n 121 9.5.3 Accidental release of CO 2 , flue gases, or other inert gases including liquid gas products .121 9.5.4 Prevention of any low temperature corrosion that could compromise the structural integrity of equipment121 10 Capture from cement production processes 176 177 121 10.1 System boundary 1
22、22 10.2 Technologies, equipment and processes 123 10.2.1 Post-combustion method (PCC) .125 10.2.2 Oxy-combustion method.125 10.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .126 10.3.1 NO x. 129 10.3.2 SO x129 10.3.3 Dust .129 10.3.4 HCl (Hydrogen chloride) .130 10.
23、4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.130 10.5 Safety issues 130 iv ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)10.6 Reliability issues 131 10.7 Management system 132 11 CO 2Capture in the iron and steel industry 132 11.1 Overview Global steel production .132 11.2
24、Point sources of CO 2emissions within the iron and steel production .133 11.2.1 Calculation of CO 2emissions from the steel mill .133 11.2.2 Direct CO 2emissions in an integrated mill producing steel through the BF-BOF route .133 11.2.3 Overview of CO 2emissions from alternative steel making process
25、es .136 11.3 CO 2reduction and CCS deployment strategy in the steel industry .138 11.4 Review of major CO 2breakthrough programmes worldwide .139 11.4.1 ULCOS programme .139 11.4.2 COURSE50 programme 140 11.4.3 POSCO/RIST programme 141 11.5 System boundary 141 11.6 Capture of CO 2from blast furnace
26、gas .142 11.6.1 Development of chemical absorption technology under the COURSE50 programme 142 11.6.2 Development of chemical absorption technology under the POSCO/ RIST programme 144 11.6.3 Development of physical adsorption technology under COURSE50 programme 145 11.6.4 ULCOS BF Oxygen-blown BF wi
27、th top gas recycle .146 11.6.5 Other commercial development .148 11.7 Specific energy consumption of CO 2captured 150 11.8 Gas streams 153 11.8.1 Conventional blast furnace gas (BFG) .153 11.8.2 BFG from an oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle (ULCOS BF) .153 11.9 CO 2capture from alternative ironma
28、king process 154 11.9.1 Direct reduction ironmaking process 154 11.9.2 Smelting reduction ironmaking process .160 11.10 Evaluation procedures for capture processes 166 11.11 Reliability issues 166 11.12 Safety issues 166 12 Capture from industrial gas production processes .167 12.1 System boundary 1
29、68 12.1.1 Natural gas sweetening process .168 12.1.2 Ammonia production process 169 12.1.3 Hydrogen production process 169 12.2 Technologies, equipment and processes 171 12.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .172 12.3.1 Chemical absorption .172 12.3.2 Phy
30、sical absorption process 173 12.3.3 Membrane separation .173 12.3.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance .173 12.4 Safety issues 174 12.5 Reliability issues 175 12.6 Management system 175 12.6.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .175 12.6.2 Operational management .1
31、77 12.6.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .177 13 Discussion on possible future direction .177 13.1 General .177 13.2 Possible area of standardization178 13.3 Discussion .178 Annex A (informative) Chemical absorption processes.181 ISO 2016 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TR 27912:
32、2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)Annex B (informative) Ex amples of flue g as c ompositions 186 Annex C (informative) Physical absorption processes 190 Annex D (informative) CO 2captur e t erms and definitions list 193 Bibliography .209 vi ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(
33、E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
34、a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matt
35、ers of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This do
36、cument was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
37、 such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and
38、 does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
39、 www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 265, Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vii PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 ISO/TR 27912:2016(E) Introduction Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology to mitig
40、ate climate change. Many demonstration projects have been conducted worldwide, and CO 2capture is an important process in CCS and is cost and energy intensive. CO 2capture in power industry could be classified through pre, post and oxy combustion. Technologies such as chemical and physical absorptio
41、n, adsorption, and membrane separation are currently under development and are in various stages of maturity from commercial (110 MW) 1large-scale demonstrations to laboratory-scale evaluation, and should be delivered at low cost and low energy consumption. The objectives of this Technical Report ar
42、e to specify and review existing capture technologies, equipment and processes and comprehend CO 2capture systems so that this Technical Report can provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary to develop a series of standards for CO 2capture and build consensus on this standardizat
43、ion work in advance. This Technical Report describes CO 2capture systems based on published papers and other documents and then summarizes the different issues deemed most important by ISO/TC 265. This includes the following: boundary for CO 2capture systems; technologies, equipment and processes; C
44、O 2streams, gas streams and emissions, processes and waste products; evaluation procedures for capture performance; safety issues on each capture system; reliability issues on each capture system; management system.viii ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 27912:2016 Carbon dioxide capture Carbon
45、dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes 1 Scope This Technical Report describes the principles and information necessary to clarify the CO 2capture system and provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary for the development of a series of standards for CO 2capture. This
46、 Technical Report also covers technologies, equipment and processes specific to CO 2capture from the viewpoints of the international standardization for the implementation of CCS. The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide guidance for the development of an ISO document related to CO 2captur
47、e as part of a CCS chain. This Technical Report covers CO 2capture systems applicable to CO 2emission sources and their respective boundaries, as well as capture technologies, equipment and processes. In addition, it can be used for the development of International Standards under TC 265. The follow
48、ing issues are to be excluded from this Technical Report: industrial use of CO 2 ; compression of CO 2(not described in detail); terminologies not used in this Technical Report. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this document. 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of
49、this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 absorbent substance able to absorb liquid or gas 3.2 a f f i n it y tendency of substances to react with each other Note 1 to entry: Also defined as the decrease in Gibbs energy on going from the reactants to the products of a chemical reaction. SOURCE: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 3.3 air separation unit unit separating oxygen, nitrogen and other inert gases from air which delivers the reqired oxygen for gasification or combustion ap
