1、 Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Guide AIAA G-003C-2010 (Revision of AIAA G-003B-2004) Guide to Refere
2、nce and Standard Atmosphere Models AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA s
3、tandard for storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or
4、 otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. AIAA G-003C-2010 (Revision of G-003B-2004) Guide to Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved October 20
5、10 Abstract This standard provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research. The guide describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, data bases from which the models are formed, publi
6、cation references, and sources of computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes from surface to 4000 kilometers, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. This standard is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle design
7、ers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and in-terpreting engineering and scientific results based on different atmospheric models. AIAA G-003C-2010 ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guide
8、 to reference and standard atmosphere models / sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 978-1-60086-784-2 (electronic) 1. Atmosphere, Upper-Mathematical models. 2. Standard atmosphere-Mathematical models. 3. Middle atmosphere-Mathematical models. 4. Thermosphere-Mathemat
9、ical models. I. Title: Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models. II. Title: At head of title: AIAA G-003C-2010 (Revision of G-003B-2004). III. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. IV. Title. QC2010 2010 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alex
10、ander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2010 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United
11、 States of America AIAA G-003C-2010 iii Contents Foreword . vi 1 Scope 1 2 Applicable Documents 1 3 Terms and Definitions . 1 Global Models 4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986 3 5 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008 . .6 6 ISO Reference Atmospheres for Aerospa
12、ce Use, 1982 . 7 7 ISO Standard Atmosphere, 1975 10 8 NASA/GSFC Monthly Mean Global Climatology of Temperature, Wind, Geopotential Height, and Pressure for 0120 km, 1988 12 9 NASA/MSFC Global Reference Atmosphere Model (GRAM-99), 1999 . 15 10 NASA/MSFC Earth Global Reference Atmosphere Model (Earth-
13、GRAM), 2007 . 19 11 U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 25 12 U. S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, 1966 27 13 U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 29 14 International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007 . 32 15 Exospheric Hydrogen Model, 1994 . 34 16 SHARC/SAMM Atmosphere Generator, SAG-2, 2003 . 35 Regional
14、Models 17 Proposed International Tropical Reference Atmosphere, 1987 (India) 38 18 Reference Atmosphere for Indian Equatorial Zone From Surface to 80 km, 1985 (India) . 40 19 Reference Model of the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere, 1987 (Soviet Union) 42 20 China National Standard Atmosp
15、here, 1980 44 Middle Atmosphere Models 21 ISO Middle Atmosphere-Global Model at Altitudes Between 30 km and 120 km, and Wind Model at Altitudes Above 30 km, 1996 . 45 22 A New Reference Middle Atmosphere Program Model Atmosphere, 1985 47 23 AFGL Atmospheric Constituent Profiles, 1986 49 24 AFGL Extr
16、eme Envelopes of Climate Elements up to 80 km, 1973 . 52 25 AFGL Profiles of Temperature and Density Based on 1- and 10-Percent Extremes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere, 1984 . 54 AIAA G-003C-2010 iv 26 AFGL Global Reference Atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985 . 56 27 Extensions to the CIRA Refere
17、nce Models for Middle Atmosphere Ozone, 1993 . 58 28 Update to the Stratospheric Nitric Acid Reference Atmosphere, 1998 . 59 29 Reference Atmosphere for the Atomic Sodium Layer, CIRA 2008 . 60 Thermosphere Models 30 Drag Temperature Model (DTM)-2000 Thermospheric Model, 2001 (France) 62 31 Earths Up
18、per Atmosphere Density Model for Ballistics Support of Flight of Artificial Satellites, 1985 (Russia) . 64 32 Russian Earths Upper Atmosphere Density Model for Ballistic Support of the Flight of Artificial Earth Satellites, 2004 . 66 33 Jacchia J70 Static Models of the Thermosphere and Exosphere Wit
19、h Empirical Temperature Profiles, 1970 69 34 Jacchia J71 Static Models of the Thermosphere and Exosphere With Empirical Temperature Profiles, 1971. . 71 35 Jacchia J77 Thermospheric Temperature, Density, and Composition: New Models, 1977 . 73 36 Jacchia-Bowman 2006 Empirical Thermospheric Density Mo
20、del, 2006 . 75 37 Jacchia-Bowman 2008 Empirical Thermospheric Density Model, 2008 . 79 38 NASA Marshall Engineering Thermosphere Model-Version 2.0 (MET 2.0), 2002 . 87 39 NASA Marshall Engineering Thermosphere Model-Version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007 . 88 40 AFGL Model of Atmospheric Structure, 70 to 130
21、 km, 1987 91 41 NRLMSISE-00 Thermospheric Model, 2000 93 42 U.S. Air Force High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM), 2004 . 96 43 Direct Density Correction Method (DDCM), 2007 (Russia) 99 44 Horizontal Wind Model (HWM), 1993 . 104 Range Models 45 Twenty-Two Range Reference Atmospheres (RRA), 2006
22、106 46 A Reference Atmosphere for Edwards AFB, California, Annual, 1975 . 110 47 Hot and Cold Reference Atmospheres for Edwards AFB, California, Annual, 1975 112 48 Hot and Cold Reference Atmospheres for Kennedy Space Center, Florida, Annual, 1971 . 114 49 A Reference Atmosphere for Patrick AFB, Flo
23、rida, Annual, 1963 . 116 50 A Reference Atmosphere for Vandenberg AFB, California, Annual, 1971 . 118 51 Hot and Cold Reference Atmospheres for Vandenberg AFB California, Annual, 1973 119 Planetary Models 52 NASA/MSFC Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Mars-GRAM), 2001 . 121 AIAA G-003C-2010 v
24、 53 NASA/MSFC Neptune Global Reference Atmosphere Model (Neptune-GRAM), 2003 . 124 54 NASA/MSFC Titan Global Reference Atmosphere Model (Titan-GRAM), 2003 126 56 NASA/MSFC Venus Global Reference Atmosphere Model (Venus-Gram), 2003 . 128 56 Venus International Reference Atmosphere (VIRA)Structure and
25、 Composition, Surface to 3500 km, 1986 130 57 Mars Climate Database (MCD), 2008 (France) 132 58 Extra-Terrestrial Space Environment: A Reference Chart, 2007 137 Annex A Glossary of Acronyms (normative) 139 AIAA G-003C-2010 vi Foreword This Guide to Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models has been s
26、ponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) as part of its Standards program. Since the mid 19thcentury there has been considerable effort devoted to the development of standards and reference atmosphere models. The first “Standard Atmospheres” were established by inter
27、national agreement in the 1920s. Later some countries, notably the United States, also developed and published Standard Atmospheres. The term reference atmospheres is generally used to identify atmosphere models for specific geographical locations or globally. The proliferation of atmospheric models
28、 and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of their availability as well as information on their relative strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The intent of this guide is to compile in one reference practical information about some of the known historical and available atmosph
29、eric modelsthose which describe the physical properties and chemical composition of the atmosphere as a function of altitude. The inclusion in this Guide of information on the various reference and standard atmosphere models is not meant to imply endorsement by the AIAA of the respective model. Also
30、, inputs provided on the models were based on the information available at the time the entry was originally prepared. The included Earth and other planetary models are those intended for general purpose or aerospace applications. The information provided, while deemed current at time of inclusion i
31、n the summary write-ups, may or may not still be current at the time of this version of the Guide is published. Therefore, the reader should further research the information before making decisions on usage of the model(s) of interest. The models extend to heights ranging from as low as the surface
32、to as high as 4000 km. Models describing exclusively low altitude phenomena are not included. Possible examples of the latter are particulate aerosols or pollutants in the boundary layer and cloud properties as a function of altitude in the troposphere. Dynamical models such as the Earth Troposphere
33、-Stratosphere General Circulation Models (GCM), the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), and research reports on measurements made by satellite, aircraft, and ground systems of the atmosphere are also not included in this guide. The guide summarize
34、s the principal features of the models to the extent the information is available: Model content Model uncertainties and limitations Basis of the model Publication references Dates of development, authors, and sponsors Model codes and sources The models are listed in the table of contents according
35、to whether they are primarily global, middle atmosphere, thermosphere, range, or regional (i.e., applying only to a specific geographic location). This division is admittedly somewhat arbitrary because many of the models embody elements of several of the categories listed. With few exceptions, there
36、 is no information on standard deviations from the mean values or frequencies of occurrence of the variables described by these models. This lack of information prohibits quantitative assessments of uncertainties, and it is a serious deficiency in nearly all reference and standard atmospheric models
37、. AIAA G-003C-2010 vii Candidate models for inclusion in this guide have been solicited by means of advertisements in several publications including AIAA/Aerospace America, AGU/EOS, WMO Bulletin, Physics Today, and Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Announcements have also been made at
38、 meetings of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), the AIAA, American Meteorological Society, and the American Geophysical Union. Despite this effort, this collection of models is far from complete, particularly in the international sphere. It is hoped that future editions will include more mode
39、ls from Europe, Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere. Recommendations for models to include in subsequent revisions will be welcomed. We are indebted to those authors who submitted their models for inclusion, to those who offered encouragement and valuable advice, and especially to the original Guide r
40、eviewers: Kenneth S. W. Champion (Air Force Geophysics Laboratory), Richard Jeck (Naval Research Laboratory), Gerald M. Keating (NASA Langley Research Center), Billy M. McCormac (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.), and Richard P. Turco (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los
41、 Angeles). The 1996 edition incorporated changes provided by William. W. Vaughan (University of Alabama in Huntsville) including review comments by Dale .L. Johnson (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center), C. G. Justus (Computer Sciences Corporation), and Stephen Pravelity (Sverdrup Technology, Inc.). T
42、he 2004 and 2010 editions of the Guide to Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models were prepared under the direction of William W. Vaughan (University of Alabama in Huntsville). The Guide will be further modified when additional data become available. The NASA Technical Standards Program provided as
43、sistance in the preparation of this 2010 edition of AIAA G-003C. The original document was approved by the AIAA Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models Working Group membership in May 1989. The AIAA Atmospheric Environment Committee on Standards approved the document in June 1989. The AIAA Standard
44、s Technical Council approved the document in November 1989. The AIAA Standards Executive Council approved the document in January 1990. The first revision was prepared and approved in 1996. The second revision was initiated in 2002 and approved in 2004 by the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments
45、Committee on Standards (ASE CoS). At the time of this 2010 revision, the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments CoS included the following members: Harold E. Addy NASA Glenn Research Center William H. Bauman ENSCO Andy Broeren NASA Glenn Research Center Donald Cook Boeing Jack E. Ehernberger Consul
46、tant Dale C. Ferguson Air Force Research Laboratory Craig D. Fry Exploration Physics International Inc. Henry B. Garrett Jet Propulsion Laboratory Glynn Germany University of Alabama in Huntsville Nelson W. Green Jet Propulsion Laboratory Hassan A. Hassan North Carolina State University Dale L. John
47、son NASA Marshall Space Flight Center AIAA G-003C-2010 viii Delores J. Knipp U.S. Air Force Academy Shu T. Lai Air Force Research Laboratory Christopher Mertens NASA Langley Research Center Joseph Minow NASA Marshall Space Flight Center John J. Murray NASA Langley Research Center Mike Newchurch Univ
48、ersity of Alabama in Huntsville Jerry Owens NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Fred Proctor NASA Langley Research Center Ludger Scherliess Utah State University Robert Schunk Utah State University Fred Slane Space Environment Technologies W. Kent Tobiska Space Environment Technologies William W. Vaug
49、han University of Alabama in Huntsville John Wise Air Force Research Laboratory David J. Youker General Electric Aviation The committee acknowledges the assistance of William Kreiss, independent consultant, on the development of this standard. This 2010 revision of Guide to Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models contains updated information on several models relative to information on references, sources, and so forth. In addition, a few of the models in the previous edition that are now obsolete have been replaced with updated versions. Some of the models for whic
