1、Designation: E2707 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall AssembliesUsing a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2707; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes a method toas
3、sess the fire performance of a vertically oriented specimenexposed to direct flame impingement in a simulated externalfire exposure potentially encountered in a Wildland UrbanInterface scenario. This test method provides data suitable forcomparing the performance of materials, which are used as thee
4、xposed surfaces of exterior walls in construction applications.NOTE 1This test method closely follows the test procedure ofCalifornia Office of State Marshal (SFM) Method 12-7A-1.21.2 This test method measures the ability of the wall systemto resist fire penetration from the exterior into the wall c
5、avityor unexposed side of the test assembly under the conditions ofexposure.1.3 This test method provides data suitable for comparingthe performance of vertically oriented materials, products orassemblies in exterior construction applications. The test speci-men shall be tested in thicknesses and co
6、nfigurations represen-tative of actual end product or system uses.1.4 Limitations of the test method are listed in Section 5.5.1.5 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is theSI system of units; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.The units given in parentheses are for information
7、only.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual
8、fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
9、.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD4442 Test Methods for Direct Mois
10、ture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD6662 Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic LumberDecking BoardsD7032 Specification for Establishing Performance Ratingsfor Wood-Plastic Composit
11、e Deck Boards and GuardrailSystems (Guards or Handrails)E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and M
12、attress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCovering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss an
13、dIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Ra-diant HeaterE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE2886 Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the di
14、rect responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E270714. DOI:10.1520/E2707-15.22007 California Building Code, Chapter 7ASFM, Materials and Constr
15、uctionMethods for Exterior Wildfire Exposure, Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing, SFMStandard 12-7A-1.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct FlameImpingementIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of U
17、nits (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, see Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
18、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 orientation, nthe vertical plane in which the exposedface of the test specimen is located during testing.3.2.2 siding (cladding), nany material that constitutes theexposed exterior covering of an exterior wall and such materialis applied over sheathing or directly attache
19、d to the wallsystem.3.2.3 sheathing, nthe material placed on an exterior wallbeneath cladding or siding and directly attached to the wallsystem used over the wall framework and is attached directlyto the wall framing members. Materials called sheathing thatare not placed beneath cladding or siding s
20、hall be classified ascladding or siding.3.2.4 sustained flaming, nflame on or over the surface ofa test specimen that lasts longer than a period of 4 s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides for the direct flame exposureof a wall specimen to a flame source centered at the base of a12
21、20 by 2440 mm (4 by 8 ft) test assembly.4.2 This test method employs a gas burner to produce adiffusion flame in contact with the test wall assembly.4.3 The gas burner produces a prescribed net rate of heatoutput of 150 kW (8535 BTU/min) for a period of 10 min, afterwhich the flame exposure is termi
22、nated.4.4 The test method measures the ability of the wall systemto resist fire penetration from the exterior to the unexposed sideof the test assembly under the conditions of exposure. Obser-vations are made for the appearance of sustained flaming orglow on the unexposed side or sustained glowing o
23、n theunexposed side, or both, at the end of a 60 min observationperiod.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method described herein measures the ability ofthe exterior wall covering material or system to resist firepenetration from the exterior to the unexposed side of the wallassembly under the spec
24、ified conditions of exposure.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of anassembly shall be included in a test specimen when thesedetails are representative of the construction of the end-useproduct(s).5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use product(s) nothaving an ideally planar e
25、xternal surface.5.4 The overall performance of the test specimen is visuallydocumented by full-color photographic records. Video tapingof the complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to thephotographic record. The use of infrared photography of theunexposed side of the test wall can be used t
26、o reveal develop-ment of increasing temperatures or persisting hot spots.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to aspecific set of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Ifdifferent test conditions are substituted or the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it is not known whet
27、her it ispossible by use of this test to predict changes in the perfor-mance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results arestrictly valid only for the fire test exposure conditions de-scribed in this procedure.6. Safety Precautions6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures andcombustion
28、 processes. Therefore, the potential exists for burns,ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and for inhalation ofcombustion products.7. Apparatus7.1 Unless otherwise noted, dimensions in the followingdescriptions, shall be followed with a tolerance of 613 mm(0.5 in.).7.2 Wall Assembly Holding
29、FixtureThe test specimensupport assembly shown in Fig. 1 is designed to permit rapidinstallation and removal of wall assemblies, and to preventedge penetration of fire at the margins of the wall assembly. Itincludes a sturdy frame assembly to hold the specimen and asimulated soffit that is non-combu
30、stible. The frame assemblypermits a 1220 by 2440 mm (4 by 8 ft) prefabricated wallsection to be inserted from the rear and to seal in such a waythat protects the edges from fire. Side shields are situated nearthe vertical edges and to within 304 mm (12 in.) of the top ofthe test wall assembly as sho
31、wn in Fig. 1 to aid in minimizingextraneous drafts to the surface of the assembly.7.3 Burner DetailsThe ignition source for the test shall bea gas diffusion burner with a nominal 100 mm wide by 1000mm long (4 in. wide by 39 in. long) porous top surface of arefractory material, as shown in Fig. 2. Wi
32、th the exception oftop surface dimensions, the essential configuration of theburner is comparable to the burner design described in TestMethod E2257.7.4 The burner enclosure shall be positioned so that it iscentered relative to the width of the test wall. The distancefrom the bottom of the test spec
33、imen to the top surface of theburner shall be 300 6 50 mm (12 6 2 in.). The bottom of thetest specimen shall be protected from burner fire exposure bythe placement of a 1220 mm (4 ft) wide thermal barrier4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, C
34、ase postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E2707 152consisting of nominal 19 mm (0.75 in.) cement board (orequivalent) between the burner enclosure and the test speci-men. The burner enclosure shall be in contact with theprotective barrier. The thermal barrier shall be positio
35、ned sothat the top edge extends 76 6 25 mm (3 6 1 in.) above the topedge of the burner, and fastened to the base of the wall in sucha manner to prevent obstruction of the burner flame caused bydistortion away from the surface of the wall.Any gaps betweenFIG. 1 Test FixtureFIG. 2 Gas Burner Ignition
36、SourceE2707 153the top edge of the thermal barrier and the test wall surfaceshall be filled with ceramic wool, or equivalent, prior to thetest.7.5 Natural gas, methane or propane shall be supplied to theburner through a metered control system. The gas supply to theburner shall produce a net heat out
37、put of 150 6 8 kW (8535 6454 Btu/min) throughout the flame exposure.7.6 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or aremotely controlled spark igniter.7.7 Moisture MeterMoisture meters used to determine themoisture content of wood products for compliance with 8.8.4.2shall be calibrated as descr
38、ibed in Test Method D4444.8. Test Specimen8.1 Test specimens dimensions shall be 1220 mm (4 ft)wide by 2440 mm (8 ft) high. The test specimen shall berepresentative of the end-use wall assembly except as specifiedin 8.3 and 8.4. The test specimen shall be mounted in the steelframe holding fixture as
39、sembly as shown in Fig. 1.8.2 The test specimen shall incorporate joint detail(s) rep-resentative of actual installation.8.3 For wall assemblies without internal cavity spaces, theentire wall assembly shall constitute the test specimen to betested. The wall assembly shall be constructed in accordanc
40、ewith manufacturers specifications or building coderequirements, or both, where applicable. Other components ofthe wall assembly, such as building felt and sheathing, areemployed to conform to the manufacturers specifications orbuilding codes, or both.8.4 For wall assemblies with internal cavity spa
41、ces, thematerials on what would be considered the interior (unex-posed) side of the wall assembly shall be omitted from the testspecimen. Materials such as insulation normally installedwithin the cavity space shall be omitted from the test specimen.The wall assembly used as the test specimen shall i
42、nclude thestructural support elements and any sheathing, weather barrierand cladding attached to the exterior surface of the structuralsupport elements.8.5 For wall assemblies composed of layered materials,such as sheathing, siding (cladding) and underlayment, theinstallation of such layered materia
43、ls shall be in accordancewith manufacturers instructions, or in the absence of suchinstructions, applicable building code requirements. In theabsence of manufacturers specifications, the wall assemblyshall include the following minimum components: nominal 2by 4 studs spaced 410 mm (16 in.) on center
44、, and the desiredexterior siding material. If sheathing is used, tests shall be runon typical 7/16 in. oriented strandboard (OSB) of Exposure 1rating.Where specified by the manufacturer, sheathing materialand installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions. The sheathing shall
45、 have one vertical seam on aselected stud witha3mm(0.125 in.) gap. The type, thickness,and installation method of any sheathing shall be included inthe report.8.6 Protect the vertical and horizontal edges of the testspecimen with 12-mm ceramic wool blanket (or equivalent) toeliminate the gap between
46、 the holder and the test specimen andprevent unwanted edge effects caused by heat transfer to theedges of the test specimen through the sample holder.8.7 ReplicatesThree matched test specimen assembliesshall be tested.8.8 Accelerated Aging/Weathering and Pre-test Condition-ing of Test Material:8.8.1
47、 When it is anticipated that a regulatory or other agencywill require pre-test accelerated aging/weathering of thesamples, the manufacturer shall have the option to conductsuch weathering.Weathering shall be conducted as specified bythe regulatory agency or applicable methods as specified forthe pro
48、duct. The process shall evaluate the potential for the firetest response characteristics as measured in this test method todeteriorate due to accelerated aging/weathering of the wallmaterial. Details of the weathering method used, or referenceto a standard test method, shall be included in the repor
49、t (seeAppendix X2).8.8.2 Pieces of any hygroscopic materials from the samestock from which the test assembly was constructed shall betacked to the assembly during construction in such a mannerthat they are easily removed. These pieces shall be conditionedwith the completed assemblies.8.8.3 The completed test assemblies are to be stored indoorsat temperatures not lower than 16C (60F) nor higher than32C (90F) for the period of time necessary to cure theassembly components. Test assemblies are to be stored so thateach will be surrounded by freely circulating
