ANSI INCITS ISO IEC 10746-2-1996 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Reference Model Foundations (Adopted by INCITS).pdf
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1、INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 10746-2 First edition 1996-09-I 5 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Reference Model: Foundations Technologies de /information - Traitement distribu6 ouvert - Mod b) the structure of distributed systems which claim compliance with the Reference Mode
2、l (the configuration of the systems); c) the concepts needed to express the combined use of the various standards supported; d) the basic concepts to be used in the specifications of the various components which make up the open distributed system. 2 Normative references The following Recommendation
3、s and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation I International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agre
4、ements based on this Recommendation I International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunicatio
5、n Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations I International Standards - ITU-T Recommendation X.903 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10746-3:1996, Znfonnarion technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Architecture. 3 D
6、efinitions For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Definitions from other Recommendations I International Standards There are no definitions from other Recommendations I International Standards in this Recommendation I International Stan
7、dard. 3.2 Background definitions 3.2.1 distributed processing: Information processing in which discrete components may be located in different places, and where communication between components may suffer delay or may fail. 3.2.2 ODP standards: This Reference Model and those standards that comply wi
8、th it, directly or indirectly. 3.2.3 open distributed processing: Distributed processing designed to conform to ODP standards. 3.2.4 ODP system: A system (see 6.5) which conforms to the requirements of ODP standards. ITU-T Rec. X.902 (1995 E) 1 ISO/IEC 10746-2 : 1996 (E) 3.2.5 information: Any kind
9、of knowledge, that is exchangeable amongst users, about things, facts, concepts and so on, in a universe of discourse. Although information will necessarily have a representation form to make it communicable, it is the interpretation of this representation (the meaning) that is relevant in the first
10、 place. 3.2.6 data: The representation forms of information dealt with by information systems and users thereof. 3.2.7 viewpoint (on a system): A form of abstraction achieved using a selected set of architectural concepts and structuring rules, in order to focus on particular concerns within a syste
11、m. 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following abbreviations apply: ODP Open Distributed Processing OS1 Open Systems Interconnection PIGS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement PIXIT Protocol Implementation Extra Information for Testing RM-O
12、DP Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing TP Transaction Processing 5 Categorization of concepts The modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation I International Standard are categorized as follows: a) Basic interpretation concepts: Concepts for the interpretation of the modelling const
13、ructs of any ODP modelling language. These concepts are described in clause 6. b) Basic linguistic concepts: Concepts related to languages; the grammar of any language for the ODP Architecture must be described in terms of these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 7. c) Basic modelling
14、concepts: Concepts for building the ODP Architecture; the modelling constructs of any language must be based on these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 8. d) Specification concepts: Concepts related to the requirements of the chosen specification languages used in ODP. These concepts
15、are not intrinsic to distribution and distributed systems, but they are requirements to be considered in these specification languages. These concepts are described in clause 9. e) Structuring concepts: Concepts that emerge from considering different issues in distribution and distributed systems. T
16、hey may or may not be directly supported by specification languages adequate for dealing with the problem area. Specification of objects and functions that directly support these concepts must be made possible by the use of the chosen specification languages. These concepts are described in clauses
17、10 to 14. f) Conformance concepts: Concepts necessary to explain the notions of conformance to ODP standards and of conformance testing. These concepts are defined in clause 15. ITU-T Recommendation X.903 I ISO/IEC 10746-3 uses the concepts in this Recommendation I International Standard to specify
18、the characteristics for distributed processing to be open. It is organized as a set of viewpoint languages. Each viewpoint language refines concepts from the set defined in this Recommendation I International Standard. It is not necessary for all viewpoint languages to adopt the same notations. Diff
19、erent notations may be chosen as appropriate to reflect the requirements of the viewpoint. These notations may be natural, formal, textual or graphical. However, it will be necessary to establish correspondences between the various languages to ensure overall consistency. 6 Basic interpretation conc
20、epts Although much of the ODP Architecture is concerned with defining formal constructs, the semantics of the architectural model and any modelling languages used have to be described. These concepts are primarily meta-concepts, i.e. concepts which apply generally to any form of modelling activity.
21、It is not intended that these concepts will be formally defined, nor that they be used as the basis of formal definition of other concepts. 2 ITU-T Rec. X.902 (1995 E) ISO/IEC 10746-2 : 1996 (E) Any modelling activity identifies: a) elements of the universe of discourse; b) one or more pertinent lev
22、els of abstraction. The elements of the universe of discourse are entities and propositions. 6.1 Entity: Any concrete or abstract thing of interest. While in general the word entity can be used to refer to anything, in the context of modelling it is reserved to refer to things in the universe of dis
23、course being modelled. 6.2 Proposition: An observable fact or state of affairs involving one or more entities, of which it is possible to assert or deny that it holds for those entities. 6.3 Abstraction: The process of suppressing irrelevant detail to establish a simplified model, or the result of t
24、hat process. 6.4 Atomicity: An entity is atomic at a given level of abstraction if it cannot be subdivided at that level of abstraction. Fixing a given level of abstraction may involve identifying which elements are atomic. 6.5 System: Something of interest as a whole or as comprised of parts. There
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