ANSI INCITS ISO IEC 9899-2011 Information technology - Programming languages - C.pdf
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1、 INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-20112012 (ISO/IEC 9899-2011, IDT) Information technology Programming languages C INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-20112012 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unles
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3、of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
4、the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 5/23/2012 Published by American Natio
5、nal Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2012 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission
6、(IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this st
7、andard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2012 All rights reserved ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (E)ContentsForeword . xiiiIntroduction xvii1. Scope . 12. Normative references . 23. Terms, definit
8、ions, and symbols . 34. Conformance 85. Environment 105.1 Conceptual models . 105.1.1 Translation environment 105.1.2 Execution environments 125.2 Environmental considerations . 225.2.1 Character sets 225.2.2 Character display semantics 245.2.3 Signals and interrupts . 255.2.4 Environmental limits .
9、 256. Language 356.1 Notation 356.2 Concepts . 356.2.1 Scopes of identifiers . 356.2.2 Linkages of identifiers . 366.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers . 376.2.4 Storage durations of objects 386.2.5 Types . 396.2.6 Representations of types 446.2.7 Compatible type and composite type . 476.2.8 Alignment o
10、f objects . 486.3 Conversions 506.3.1 Arithmetic operands . 506.3.2 Other operands . 546.4 Lexical elements 576.4.1 Keywords 586.4.2 Identifiers 596.4.3 Universal character names . 616.4.4 Constants 626.4.5 String literals 706.4.6 Punctuators . 726.4.7 Header names 736.4.8 Preprocessing numbers 746.
11、4.9 Comments . 75Contents iiiISO/IEC 9899:2011 (E) ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved6.5 Expressions 766.5.1 Primary expressions . 786.5.2 Postfix operators . 796.5.3 Unary operators . 886.5.4 Cast operators 916.5.5 Multiplicative operators 926.5.6 Additive operators 926.5.7 Bitwise shift operators .
12、946.5.8 Relational operators 956.5.9 Equality operators 966.5.10 Bitwise AND operator . 976.5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator . 986.5.12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator 986.5.13 Logical AND operator . 996.5.14 Logical OR operator . 996.5.15 Conditional operator .1006.5.16 Assignment operators .1016.5
13、.17 Comma operator .1056.6 Constant expressions .1066.7 Declarations 1086.7.1 Storage-class specifiers 1096.7.2 Type specifiers 1116.7.3 Type qualifiers 1216.7.4 Function specifiers 1256.7.5 Alignment specifier 1276.7.6 Declarators .1286.7.7 Type names .1366.7.8 Type definitions .1376.7.9 Initializa
14、tion 1396.7.10 Static assertions .1456.8 Statements and blocks 1466.8.1 Labeled statements 1466.8.2 Compound statement .1476.8.3 Expression and null statements .1476.8.4 Selection statements .1486.8.5 Iteration statements 1506.8.6 Jump statements .1516.9 External definitions .1556.9.1 Function defin
15、itions 1566.9.2 External object definitions .1586.10 Preprocessing directives .1606.10.1 Conditional inclusion .1626.10.2 Source file inclusion .1646.10.3 Macro replacement 166iv Contents ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (E)6.10.4 Line control .1736.10.5 Error directive 1746.10.6 P
16、ragma directive .1746.10.7 Null directive 1756.10.8 Predefined macro names 1756.10.9 Pragma operator .1786.11 Future language directions 1796.11.1 Floating types 1796.11.2 Linkages of identifiers .1796.11.3 External names .1796.11.4 Character escape sequences 1796.11.5 Storage-class specifiers 1796.
17、11.6 Function declarators .1796.11.7 Function definitions 1796.11.8 Pragma directives 1796.11.9 Predefined macro names 1797. Library .1807.1 Introduction 1807.1.1 Definitions of terms 1807.1.2 Standard headers .1817.1.3 Reserved identifiers 1827.1.4 Use of library functions 1837.2 Diagnostics 1867.2
18、.1 Program diagnostics .1867.3 Complex arithmetic 1887.3.1 Introduction .1887.3.2 Conventions .1897.3.3 Branch cuts .1897.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma .1897.3.5 Trigonometric functions 1907.3.6 Hyperbolic functions .1927.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions 1947.3.8 Power and absolute-value
19、functions .1957.3.9 Manipulation functions 1967.4 Character handling 2007.4.1 Character classification functions 2007.4.2 Character case mapping functions 2037.5 Errors .2057.6 Floating-point environment .2067.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma 2087.6.2 Floating-point exceptions .2097.6.3 Rounding 2127.6.4
20、Environment 2137.7 Characteristics of floating types .216Contents vISO/IEC 9899:2011 (E) ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved7.8 Format conversion of integer types 2177.8.1 Macros for format specifiers 2177.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types .2187.9 Alternative spellings .2217.10 Sizes of in
21、teger types 2227.11 Localization 2237.11.1 Locale control 2247.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry 2257.12 Mathematics .2317.12.1 Treatment of error conditions 2337.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma 2357.12.3 Classification macros .2357.12.4 Trigonometric functions 2387.12.5 Hyperbolic functions .2
22、407.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions 2427.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions .2477.12.8 Error and gamma functions .2497.12.9 Nearest integer functions 2517.12.10 Remainder functions .2547.12.11 Manipulation functions 2557.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions .2577
23、.12.13 Floating multiply-add .2587.12.14 Comparison macros 2597.13 Nonlocal jumps 2627.13.1 Save calling environment .2627.13.2 Restore calling environment 2637.14 Signal handling .2657.14.1 Specify signal handling 2667.14.2 Send signal .2677.15 Alignment .2687.16 Variable arguments .2697.16.1 Varia
24、ble argument list access macros .2697.17 Atomics 2737.17.1 Introduction .2737.17.2 Initialization 2747.17.3 Order and consistency .2757.17.4 Fences .2787.17.5 Lock-free property 2797.17.6 Atomic integer types .2807.17.7 Operations on atomic types .2827.17.8 Atomic flag type and operations .2857.18 B
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