ANSI ISO ASTM 51431-2005 Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing.pdf
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1、ISO/ASTM 51431:2005(E)Standard Practice forDosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung)Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51431; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision.1. Scope1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification pro-gram for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to befollowed during operational qualification, performance quali-fication and routine processing in facilities that process fo
3、odwith high-energy electrons and X-rays (bremsstrahlung) toensure that product has been treated within a predeterminedrange of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operationalqualification, performance qualification and routine processingthat may influence absorbed dose in the product are also
4、discussed. Information about effective or regulatory dose limitsfor food products, and appropriate energy limits for electronbeams used directly or to generate X-rays is not within thescope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356,F1736, and F1885).NOTE 1Dosimetry is only one component of a to
5、tal quality assuranceprogram for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in theproduction of safe and wholesome food.NOTE 2ISO/ASTM Practice 51204 describes dosimetric proceduresfor gamma irradiation facilities for food processing.1.2 For guidance in the selection and calibration of dosim-etr
6、y systems, and interpretation of measured absorbed dose inthe product, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and ASTM PracticeE666. For the use of specific dosimetry systems, see ASTMPractices E1026 and E2304, and ISO/ASTM Practices 51205,51275, 51276, 51310, 51401, 51538, 51540, 51607, 51650 and51956 For discus
7、sion of radiation dosimetry for electrons andX-rays also see ICRU Reports 35 and 14. For discussion ofradiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.1.3 While gamma radiation from radioactive nuclides hasdiscrete energies, X-rays (bremsstrahlung) from machinesources cover a wide range
8、of energies, from low values (about35 keV) to the energy of the incident electron beam. Forinformation concerning electron beam irradiation technologyand dosimetry, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51649. For informationconcerning X-ray irradiation technology and dosimetry, seeISO/ASTM Practice 51608.1.4 This
9、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced documents2
10、.1 ASTM Standards:2E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetryE666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose From Gammaor X RadiationE1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry SystemE2232 Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth-ods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radia
11、tion Process-ing ApplicationsE2303 Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in RadiationProcessing FacilitiesE2304 Practice for Use of a LiF Photo-Fluorescent FilmDosimetry SystemF1355 Guide for Irradiation of FreshAgricultural Produce asa Phytosanitary TreatmentF1356 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh, Frozen o
12、r ProcessedMeat and Poultry to Control Pathogens and Other Micro-organismsF1736 Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Inverte-brates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and SpoilageMicroorganismsF1885 Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs, andVegetable Seasonings to Control Pathogens and
13、 OtherMicroorganisms2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:251204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-ties for Food Processing51205 Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate DosimetrySystem1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on RadiationProcessingand is the direct responsi
14、bility of Subcommittee E61.04 on SpecialtyApplication, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.Current edition approved by ASTM Oct. 1, 2004. Published May 15, 2005.Originally published as E 143191. Last previous ASTM edition E 1431981.ASTM E 143191 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the i
15、ntermediate designationISO 15562:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51431:2005(E)is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51431:2002(E), whichreplaced ISO 15562.2For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Custom
16、er Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standardsDocument Summary page on the ASTM website. ISO/ASTM International 2017 All rights reservedThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on st
17、andardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.151261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of DosimetrySystems for Radiation Processing
18、51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film DosimetrySystem51276 Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosim-etry System51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Wave-guide Dosimetry System51400 Practice for Characterization and Performance of aHigh-Dose Radiation Dosimetry Calibrati
19、on Laboratory51401 Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System51538 Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Do-simetry System51539 Guide for Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators51540 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid DosimetrySystem51607 Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosim
20、etry Sys-tem51608 Practice for Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung)Facility for Radiation Processing51631 Practice for Use of Calorimetric Dosimetry Systemsfor Electron Beam Dose Measurements and DosimeterCalibrations51649 Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facilityfor Radiation Processing
21、 at Energies Between 300 keVand 25 MeV51650 Practice for Use of a Cellulose Triacetate DosimetrySystem51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry forRadiation Processing51956 Practice for Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD)Systems for Radiation Processing2.3 International Commission on Radi
22、ation Units and Mea-surements (ICRU) Reports:3ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X Rays and GammaRays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50MeVICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed RadiationICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beamswith Energies Between 1 and 50 MeVICRU Report 37
23、Stopping Powers for Electrons and Posi-tronsICRU Report 60 Fundamental Quantities and Units forIonizing Radiation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 absorbed dose, Dquantity of ionizing radiation en-ergy imparted per unit mass of a specified material. The SI unitof absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), wh
24、ere 1 gray is equivalentto the absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of the specifiedmaterial (1 Gy = 1 J/kg). The mathematical relationship is thequotient of d by dm, where d is the mean incremental energyimparted by ionizing radiation to matter of incremental massdm (see ICRU 60).D 5 ddm (1)3.1.1.1 D
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