ASHRAE HVAC APPLICATIONS IP CH 23-2015 MUSEUMS GALLERIES ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES.pdf
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1、23.1CHAPTER 23MUSEUMS, GALLERIES, ARCHIVES, AND LIBRARIESENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON COLLECTIONS . 23.2Determining Performance Targets . 23.2Airborne Pollutants. 23.5DESIGN PARAMETERS. 23.12Performance Target Specifications. 23.12System Selection and Design. 23.16NDERSTANDING and appreciating humanitys
2、 diverse cul-Utures and history dictates preserving objects including booksand documents, works of art, historical artifacts, specimens ofnational history, examples of popular culture, once-common tradegoods, technological accomplishments, the products of various tech-nologies, as well as historic b
3、uildings and sites. Museums, galleries,libraries, and archives may be purpose-built buildings or existingbuildings of historic significance; in some instances, the building isas (or more) important as the collection it houses. The importance ofcultural heritage ranges from national to regional or ev
4、en local, butall have symbolic, aesthetic, cultural, social, historical, and mone-tary values that are frequently impossible to estimate. Thus, theirpreservation is important, worthwhile, and may even be legally man-dated. The loss of any one of these artifacts is a loss to all individuals.Collectio
5、ns are vulnerable to many threats. Because they must bepreserved indefinitely, the steps taken to protect them are sometimesextraordinary. Most threats can be addressed by properly maintainedhousing and professional support. The level of acceptable risk is acompromise between the theoretically ideal
6、 environment and thepractical. It is possible to slow deterioration drastically, but doingso may conflict with the ultimate functions of museums, libraries,and archives: not only to preserve, but also to allow public and schol-arly access. Additionally, extremely high control over all environ-mental
7、 parameters can help to ensure an objects survival, but at aprice no cultural institution can justify or is willing to pay. Managingrisk, not avoiding it altogether, is the objective.This chapter addresses threats to collections that are mitigated bya properly designed HVAC system that provides stab
8、ility for low-access storage environments and also serves high-traffic visitorsareas.Theoretically, many systems (including passive building solu-tions) can successfully provide appropriate environmental control, ifproperly applied. From project inception, both the design objectiveand realistically
9、available operation and maintenance resources mustbe considered.Communication with the client is especially critical when design-ing systems for museums, galleries, archives, and libraries because ofthe uniqueness of the criteria: the inherent risk associated with envi-ronmental conditions. The desi
10、gn team must include not only mu-seum administrators but also collections managers, curators,conservators, and security. Administrators are responsible for fiscaldecisions, whereas the collection managers are responsible for careof the collection. Curators build the collection and design exhibitions
11、.Conservators are charged with preservation of the collection. Secu-rity staff is critical to safekeeping of the collection. Many HVAC sys-tem design decisions are based on the needs of the collection and theuse of the various spaces. To design the most appropriate system, allrelevant parties must b
12、e part of the process. This chapter can only ex-plain why temperature, humidity, light, and indoor air quality (IAQ)requirements are important; the team must decide the exact specifi-cations. To the conservator: Climate-induced risks should be seen incontext and relation to other risks to the preser
13、vation of cultural her-itage, such as natural and human-caused disasters. In some cases, itmay not be the greatest risk to a collection, and available funds maybe spent more effectively elsewhere. A climate-control strategyshould complement mitigation strategies for other risks and shouldnot in itse
14、lf create a greater hazard (e.g., when an energy supplyfails).This chapter focuses on relative humidity, temperature, and airpollution design for HVAC systems, and describes various systemsthat are applicable for these spaces. The goal is to illustrate specialneeds of collection spaces in museums, g
15、alleries, archives, andlibraries. See the References and Bibliography for additionalresources.Note that this chapter does not apply to libraries designed for pub-lic access, with collections that are not intended for archival preser-vation. These facilities may include collections designed for gener
16、alpublic use or school-aged children, and may have significant quan-tities of electronic documents in disk format or tape. The types ofcontrols (humidity, thermal, or particulate and molecular phase fil-tration) required for collections of archival preservation are not prac-tical for these facilitie
17、s (see Chapter 3 for additional information).In nonarchival libraries, there may be no HVAC system, or theHVAC systems may be designed specifically for human comfortduring occupied hours. In this application, the HVAC systems mayshut off during unoccupied or low-occupancy times for energy sav-ings.T
18、his chapter may not apply and should be bypassed if one or moreof the following conditions exist with the scope of design for alibrary (see Chapter 3 for additional information):HVAC system is cycled off during unoccupied periodsHVAC system is turned off seasonallyHVAC system is designed to cycle on
19、/off with thermal satisfactionaloneNatural ventilation is the only method of air circulationGeneral Factors Influencing DamageIn designing HVAC systems for collections, a good working re-lationship among the mechanical engineer, architect, interior de-signer, and owner/operator, especially client pe
20、rsonnel responsiblefor preserving the collection, is critical. All expectations and limita-tions must be defined at the beginning of the design.Artifacts and collections can be made of one main material (e.g.,an archive of antique books), which simplifies target specifications,or combinations of mat
21、erials with different levels of instability (e.g.,The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications.23.2 2015 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applicationsa multimedia library that includes books, film, and paintings); in thelatter case, target conditions are usu
22、ally a compromise, or speciallocalized environments may be required for some parts of a collec-tion. For more details, see Michalski (1996a).The buildings architecture and mechanical systems mustaddress eight types of threats to collections; mechanical engineersneed to appreciate and respect these c
23、oncerns even if they do notappear to relate directly to a buildings mechanical systems.Respecting all the risks gives the client an increased comfort zonefor threats the HVAC system is designed specifically to control. Thefollowing threats, in decreasing order of seriousness, affect all typesof coll
24、ections.Light damage presents perhaps the most extensive threat tomuseum collections. Most materials undergo some form of undesir-able, permanent photochemical or photophysical change from over-exposure to light. Damage is relatively easy to control if the problemis addressed at the architectural, d
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