1、 GUIDEBOOKFOR THE DESIGN OF ASME SECTION VIII PRESSURE VESSELSFourth EditionbyJames R. FarrWadsworth, OhioMaan H. JawadCamas, Washington 2010, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
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7、sme.org/Publications/Books/Administration/Permissions.cfmASME Press books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, contact Special Sales at infocentralasme.orgLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFarr
8、, James R.Guidebook for the design of ASME section VIII pressure vessels / by James R. Farr, Maan H. Jawad. 4th ed.p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7918-5952-0 1. Pressure vessels-Design and construction. 2. Structural engineering. I. Jawad, Maan H. II. Title.TA660.T3
9、4F36 2010681.76041-dc222009043329Cover photo courtesy of the Nooter Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri.Dedicated to the Farr Familyand the Jawad Family, to allof the kids and their spouses,and to all of the grandkids (2) new design rules for ellipsoidal and torispherical heads;(3) new opening reinforc
10、ement rules based on pressure-area (similar to ASME B31.3);(4) new conical transition rules;(5) added rules for jacketed vessels, noncircular vessels, and vessel supports;(6) permits setting the minimum wall thickness by Design by Analysis instead of Design by Rules, if desired.With the major revisi
11、on to VIII-2 and the deletion or change to many previous design rules, a new Appen-dix F has been added to this book for easy reference to some of the previous design rules which have been deleted or changed.As described in the Preface to the 3rdEdition (December 2005) of this book, brittle fracture
12、 and heat exchanger rules were update. It is also of interest to note that the Preface to the 2ndEdition (July 2001) describes the reduction of the design factor for the first time in 50 years for the allowable stress criteria on ultimate tensile strength in the 2001 Edition of VIII-1 from 4.0 down
13、to 3.5. James R. FarrWadsworth, OhioMaan H. JawadCamas, WashingtonJanuary 2010i Preface to Fourth EditioniiPREFACE TO FIRsT EDITIONThe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, gives rules that pertain to the design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure ves
14、sels and their components. With few exceptions, the rules that cover the design of components tend to be complicated to implement. This book was written to demonstrate the application of the design rules to various components. Other rules, such as those pertaining to fabrication, inspection, testing
15、, and materials are not covered here.This book is intended as a reference for designers of pressure vessels and heat exchangers. The theoretical background of the equations used here was kept to a minimum, since such background can be obtained from other references. Note also that while the design r
16、equirements of such components as shells and heads are interspersed throughout the ASME Code, design requirements pertaining to some specific components are given here in one chapter for easy reference. The emphasis in this book is on solved examples, which illustrate the application of the various
17、equations given in the ASME Section VIII Code.Chapter 1 of this book covers background information and general topicssuch as allowable stresses and joint efficienciesapplicable to all components. Chapter 2 is for the design of cylindrical shells under in-ternal and external loads. Chapter 3 covers t
18、he design of dished heads and transition sections that are under internal and external loads. Chapter 4 considers flat plates, covers, and flanges. Openings are reviewed in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 covers special components of VIII-1, such as stayed construction, jacketed com-ponents, half-pipe jack
19、ets, and noncircular vessels. Chapter 7 covers heat exchangers, and Chapter 8 covers stress categories, fatigue, and other special analysis of components.James R. Farr Wadsworth, OhioMaan H. Jawad St. Louis, MissouriJanuary 1998ixACKNOWLEDGMENTsWe are continually indebted to the many people, student
20、s, and organizations for their comments, correc-tions, and suggestions to us to help us keep this book up-to-date with the latest Code additions and revisions. Our fellow ASME Committee Members and associates also have continually aided us with background and new development items, and we thank them
21、 for the help. In addition, we want to thank all of those persons and companies that have permitted us to use some of their code material in this book. And last, we also want to acknowledge our mentors from long ago without whom we would not be in code activities Mr. Ralph A. Ecoff of Nooter Corpora
22、tion, mentor to Dr. Jawad and Mr. Paul M. Brister of Babcock the desire to maintain a constant allowable stress level between room temperature and 500F or higher for carbon steels; and the adjustment of mini-mum strength data to average data. Above approximately 500F or higher the allowable stress f
23、or carbon steels is TABLE 1.1.2CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR VIII-1FOR UCI, UCD, AND ULT MATERIAL (ASME VIII-1)Below Room Temperature Room Temperature and AboveProduct/Material Table Tensile Strength Yield Strength Tensile Strength Yield StrengthCast iron UCI-2310TSNA10TS 1.1
24、10T TS RNA NANodular iron UCD-235TS2/3SY5TS 1.15T TS R2/3SY2/3SY RYWrought or cast ferrous and nonferrousULT-233.5T TS R2/3SY RYNA NA NA NATABLE 1.2CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR VIII-2EXCEPT FOR BOLTING MATERIAL (II)Below Room Temperature Room Temperature and AboveProduct/Mat
25、erialTensile StrengthYield StrengthTensile Strength Yield Strength Stress RuptureCreep RateAll wrought or cast, ferrous and nonferrous product forms except bolting2.4TS1.5yS2.4TS1.5y yR SMin. (FavgSR avg, 0.8 SR min) 1.0 Sc avgAll wrought or cast, austen-tic and non- ferrous product forms except bol
26、ting Note (1)2.4TS1.5yS2.4TS0.9Min. ,1.5 1.0y y yS S R Min. (FavgSR avg, 0.8 SR min) 1.0 Sc avgGENERAL NOTE: When using this stress basis criterion to determine the allowable stresses for a specific material as a function of temperature, the derived allowable stress at a higher temperature can never
27、 be greater than the derived allowable stress at a lower temperature.NOTE:(1) Two sets of allowable stress values may be provided in Table 5A for austenitic materials and in Table 5B for specific nonferrous alloys. The lower values are not specifically identified by a footnote. These lower values do
28、 not exceed two-thirds of the minimum yield strength at temperature. The higher alternative allowable stresses are identified by a footnote. These higher stresses may exceed two-thirds but do not exceed 90% of the minimum yield strength at temperature. The higher values should be used only where sli
29、ghtly higher deformation is not in itself objectionable. These higher stresses are not recommended for the design of flanges or for other strain sensitive applications. Chapter 1controlled by creep-rupture rather than tensile-yield criteria. Some materials may not exhibit such an increase in tensile
30、 stress, but the criterion for 1.1 is still applicable to practically all materials in VIII-1.Table 1.1.1 also gives additional criteria for creep and rupture at elevated temperatures. The criteria are based on creep at a specified strain and rupture at 100,000 hours. The 100,000 hours criterion for
31、 rupture corresponds to about eleven years of continual use. However, VIII-1 does not limit the operating life of the equipment to any specific number of hours.The allowable stress criteria in VIII-2 are given in II-D of the ASME Code. The allowable stress at the design temperature for most material
32、s is the smaller of 1/2.4 the tensile strength or 2/3 the yield stress. Table 1.2 summarizes the allowable stress criteria in VIII-2.A sample of the allowable stress Tables listed in Section II-D of the ASME Code is shown in Table 1.3. It lists the chemical composition of the material, its product f
33、orm, specification number, grade, Unified Num-bering System (UNS), size, and temper. This information, with very few exceptions, is identical to that given in ASTM for the material. The Table also lists the P and Group numbers of the material. The P numbers are used to cross reference the material t
34、o corresponding welding processes and procedures listed in Section IX, “Welding and Brazing Qualifications,” of the ASME Code. The Table also lists the minimum yield and tensile strengths of the material at room temperature, maximum applicable temperature limit, External Pres-sure Chart reference, a
35、ny applicable notes, and the stress values at various temperatures. The designer may interpolate between listed stress values, but is not permitted to extrapolate beyond the published values.Stress values for components in shear and bearing are given in various parts of VIII-1, VIII-2, as well as II
36、-D. Paragraph UW-15 of VIII-1 and 4.2.5.6 of VIII-2 lists the majority of these values. A summary of the allowable stress values for connections is shown in Table 1.4.Some material designations in ASTM as well as the ASME Code have been changed in the last 20 years. The change is necessitated by the
37、 introduction of subclasses of the same material or improved properties. Appendix B shows a cross reference between older and newer designations of some common materials.The maximum design temperatures allowed in VIII cannot exceed those published in Section II-D. VIII-1 and VIII-2 defines design te
38、mperature as the mean temperature through the cross section of a component. WELD JOINT EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTSBoth VIII-1 and VIII-2 permit various weld joint examinations where, before the 2007 Edition, VIII-2 re-quired a 100% volumetric examination of main vessel and component weld joints. Althou
39、gh the end results are similar, the weld joint examinations in VIII-1 and VIII-2 are different.TABLE 1.3STRESS VALUES FOR SA-516 AND SA-387 MATERIALSLine No.Nominal CompositionProduct FormSpec No.Type/ GradeAlloy Desig./UNS No.Class Cond./Temper P-No.Group No.24 CS Plate SA-516 70 K02700 1 232 2.25C
40、r-1Mo Plate SA-387 22 K21590 1 5A 1Maximum Allowable Stress, ksi, F, Not ExceedingLine No. -20 to 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 120024 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.4 18.8 18.1 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.7 4.0 2.5 32 17.1 17.1 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 13.6 10.8 8.0
41、 5.7 3.8 2.4 1.4Note: G10,S1,S4,T2,T4,W7,W9 are described in II-D and pertain to metallurgical information.Line No.Min. Tensile Strength ksiYield Stress ksiTemp. Use LimitExternal Pressure Chart No. Notes24 70 38 1000 CS-2 G10,S1,T232 60 30 1200 CS-2 S4,T4,W7,W9Background Information . Requirements
42、for VIII-In VIII-1, the weld examination varies from full radiography, to spot radiography, to visual examination (no radiography), depending on various factors specified in VIII-1 and by the User. The degree of examina-tion influences the required thicknesses and cost through the use of Joint Effic
43、iency Factors, E. The Joint Efficiency Factors, which are sometimes referred to as Quality Factors or weld efficiencies, serve as stress multipliers applied to vessel components when some of the joints are not fully radiographed. These multipli-ers result in an increase in the factor of safety as we
44、ll as the thickness of these components. In essence, VIII-1 vessels have variable factors of safety, depending on the degree of radiographic examination of the main vessel joints. As an example, fully radiographed longitudinal butt-welded joints in cylindrical shells have a Joint Efficiency Factor,
45、E, of 1.0. This factor corresponds to a safety factor of 3.5 in the parent material. TABLE 1.4 ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR WELDED CONNECTIONSVIII-1Component Type of Stress Stress Value ReferenceFillet weld tension 0.55S* UW-18(d)Fillet weld shear 0.49S UW-15(c)Groove weld tension 0.74S UW-15(c)Groov
46、e weld shear 0.60S UW-15(c)Nozzle neck shear 0.70S UG-45(c)Dowel bolts shear 0.80S ll-DAny location bearing 1.60S ll-D* S= allowable stress for VIII-1 construction.VIII-2Component Type of Stress Stress Value ReferenceFillet weld tension 0.5Sm* 4.2.5.6(g)Fillet weld shear 0.5Sm4.2.5.6(g)Groove or but
47、t-Full Penet. weld tension 1.0Sm4.2.5.6(g)Groove or butt-Full Penet. weld shear 1.0Sm4.2.5.6(g)Groove or butt-Part. Penet. weld tension 0.75Sm4.2.5.6(g)Groove or butt-Part. Penet. weld shear 0.75Sm4.2.5.6(g)Nozzle neck shear (see Eq. 4.5.150 seeUW-13(b)(4) andFig.UW-13.1,sketch(i)A,B,Cor(b)for attac
48、hment of heads having pressure on either side, to shells not over 24 in. (600 mm) inside diameter and not over 1/4 in. (6 mm) required thickness with fillet weld on outside of head flange onlyA 30mm (13/16 in) forP-No.1 Gr 230mm (1 3/16 in) for P-No. 9A Gr 1 and P-No. 9B Gr 1;16mm (5/8 in)for P-No.8
49、, Gr 2 (5)P-No. 10H Gr 150mm (2 in) for P-No.1 Gr 1 and P-No. 8 Gr 1;30mm (1 3/16 in) for P-No.1 Gr 2Welding process Unrestricted (4) Mechanized Welding Only (3) Unrestricted (4)Design Basis (6) Part 4 or Part 5 of this DivisionPart 4 or Part 5 of this Division Part 4 of this DivisionNotes:1. All Examination Groups require 100% visual examination to the maximum extent possible.2. See Part 3 for permitted material.3. Mechanized means machine and/or automatic welding methods.4. Unrestricted with respect to weld application modes as set for
