ASME NUCLEAR-2012 Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct《新型核安全结构的锻造》.pdf
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1、Forging a New NuclearSafety ConstructThe ASME Presidennullal Task Force on Response to Japan Nuclear Power Plant EventsJune 2012Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct Prepared by: The ASME Presidential Task Force on Response to Japan Nuclear Power Plant Events Date of Issuance: June 14, 2012 This Te
2、chnical Report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by ASME. Neither ASME, the authors, nor others involved in the preparation or review of this Report, nor any of their respective employees, members or persons acting on their behalf (i) makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
3、 legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or (ii) represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprieta
4、ry device or activity. Reference in the Report to any particular commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by ASME or others involved in the preparation or review of
5、this Report. The views and opinions expressed in the Report do not necessarily reflect those of ASME or others involved in the preparation or review of this Report. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patents or other proprietary rights asserted in connection with any
6、 items mentioned in this Report, and does not undertake to insure anyone using the Report against liability for infringement of any applicable patents or other proprietary rights, nor does it assume any such liability. Users of the Report are expressly advised that the determination of the validity
7、of any and all such rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, wit
8、hout the prior written permission of the publisher. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 ISBN No. 978-0-7918-3435-0 Copyright 2012 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights ReservedForging a New Nuclear Safety Construct iii TABLE OF
9、 CONTENTS Foreword vii ASME Presidential Task Force Members . ix Executive Summary . x 1 BACKGROUND, SCOPE, AND NEW DIRECTION 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 ASME Task Force on Response to Japan Nuclear Power Events . 2 1.3 The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Accident . 2 1.4 The Accidents Outcome . 3 1.5 Key
10、 Issues and Scope of Work 4 1.6 A New Nuclear Safety Construct 5 2 AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON NUCLEAR SAFETY . 8 2.1 Introduction . 8 2.2 Life Cycle of Complex Technologies 8 2.2.1 A Textbook Example: Boiler and Pressure Vessel Technology 910 8 2.2.2 Other Non-Nuclear Examples 10 2.3 A Half-Centur
11、y of Nuclear Experience . 11 2.4 Nuclear Plant Safety 12 2.5 Acting on Nuclear Lessons Learned 16 2.6 Summary Comments . 17 3 GOING BEYOND THE DESIGN BASIS 18 3.1 Introduction . 18 3.2 How Designs Have Been Established Up to Now . 19 3.2.1 The Design Basis 19 3.2.2 Defense-In-Depth . 23 3.2.3 Determ
12、inistic Approach to Achieve Defense-In-Depth . 24 3.2.4 Probabilistic Approach to Achieve Defense-In-Depth . 25 3.3 How Designs Might Change to Reflect Lessons Learned from Fukushima Dai-ichi The Emergent Safety Construct 28 3.4 Designing New Nuclear Power Plants 30 3.5 Summary Comments . 30 4 ACCID
13、ENT PREVENTION AND CORE COOLING: THE PRINCIPAL SAFETY STRATEGY AND THE OVERRIDING SAFETY FUNCTION . 32 4.1 Introduction . 32 4.2 Growing Recognition of Core Cooling as the Overriding Safety Function 32 4.3 Insights on Core Cooling from the 1975 Reactor Safety Study 36 4.4 Insights on Core Cooling fr
14、om the TMI-2 Accident . 36 4.5 Insights on Core Cooling from the Events of September 11, 2001 . 37 4.6 Insights on Core Cooling from the Fukushima Accident 37 4.7 Protection from Rare Yet Credible Events 38 Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct iv 4.8 Summary Comments 38 5 MANAGING THE UNEXPECTED H
15、UMAN PERFORMANCE 40 5.1 Introduction 40 5.1.1 Traditional Approaches to Human Performance 40 5.1.2 Responsibility, Accountability and Authority for Decision-Making in a Crisis . 41 5.1.3 Organizational Human Performance . 41 5.1.4 Organizational Failures . 42 5.2 Human Performance in Nuclear Power P
16、lant Accidents . 43 5.3 Human Performance Lessons from Fukushima . 44 5.4 Summary Comments 46 6 MANAGING ALL RISKS . 47 6.1 Introduction 47 6.2 Defining Accident Management 47 6.3 History of Accident Management 48 6.4 Accident Management at Fukushima . 49 6.4.1 Multi-Faceted Disaster 49 6.4.2 Accide
17、nt Measures Against a Severe Tsunami . 50 6.4.3 Plant Conditions 50 6.5 Lessons in Accident Management from Fukushima 50 6.6 Post-Fukushima Global Response . 51 6.7 Beyond the Present Response 52 6.8 Summary Comments 53 7 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 54 7.1 Introduction 54 7.2 EP-Related Lessons from Fuku
18、shima Dai-ichi 54 7.3 EP-Related Lessons in the New Safety Construct . 56 7.3.1 Infrastructure Improvements . 56 7.3.2 More Realistic Drills and Training . 57 7.3.3 Criterion for Long-Term Habitability (Reentry) . 58 7.3.4 Building Public Trust 59 7.3.5 Updated Basis for EPZ Size 59 7.4 Risk-Informe
19、d, Performance-Based Approach to EP 62 7.5 Summary Comments 62 8 REINFORCING THE NUCLEAR SAFETY CONSTRUCT 64 8.1 Introduction 64 8.2 Community Outreach Conducted During the Normal Course of Events . 64 8.3 Crisis Communications: What is Happening and Why . 65 8.3.1 EP Command and Control, and Decisi
20、on-Making Authority . 66 8.4 Earning Public Trust 67 8.5 Summary Comments 69 9 FORGING A NEW NUCLEAR SAFETY CONSTRUCT 71 9.1 Introduction 71 9.2 The Evolving Nuclear Safety Construct 72 Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct v 9.3 The Lesson Learned 73 9.4 A New Nuclear Safety Construct 74 9.5 Princ
21、iples of the New Nuclear Safety Construct . 74 9.6 Additional Conclusions on the New Safety Construct 75 9.6.1 Design Basis Extension 75 9.6.2 Risk-Informed Defense-In-Depth Construct 76 9.6.3 Human Performance Management . 76 9.6.4 Accident Management 76 9.6.5 Emergency Preparedness Management 76 9
22、.6.6 Communications and Public Trust Issues. 76 9.7 Recommendations for Next Steps in Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct . 77 9.7.1 Workshop(s) on Forging a New Nuclear Safety Construct 77 9.7.2 Updating and Expanding Nuclear Codes and Standards 78 9.7.3 Dissemination of Conclusions and Guidance
23、 . 79 9.8 Summary Conclusions . 79 References 80 Appendix A The Social Impact of Nuclear Power 86 A.1 Introduction . 86 A.2 Economic and Socio-Political Impact of Major Reactor Accidents 86 A.2.1 Impact of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Accident 86 A.2.2 Impact of the Chernobyl Accident . 87 A.2.3 Impact of
24、 the Three Mile Island 2 Accident . 88 A.3 The Present and Future Value of Nuclear Power in the U.S. 89 A.4 The Reliability of Nuclear Power 90 A.5 Price Stability and Energy Security . 91 A.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 92 A.7 Relative Health Risks of Electrical Generation Sources . 92 Acknowledgeme
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