1、Steel StacksAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME STS-12016(Revision of ASME STS-12011)ASME STS-12016(Revision of ASME STS-12011)Steel StacksAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDTwo Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: March 31, 2017The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication i
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11、the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2017 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTSForeword ivCommittee Roster . vCorrespondence With the STS Committee viIntroduction . viii1 Mecha
12、nical Design . 12 Materials 43 Linings and Coatings . 74 Structural Design. 125 Dynamic Wind Loads . 216 Access and Safety 247 Electrical. 308 Fabrication and Erection 319 Inspection and Maintenance 3210 References . 34Figures6.2.6-1 Example of the General Construction of Cages . 256.2.6-2 Minimum L
13、adder Clearances 266.3.6-1 Ladder Dimensions, Support Spacing, and Side Clearances . 276.3.8-1 Landing Platform Dimensions . 28Tables4.4.6-1 Factors of Safety 164.4.7-1 Minimum Fabricated Plate Thickness and Maximum Stiffener Spacing 174.11.1.3-1 Cable Selection Criteria . 195.2.1.2-1 Representative
14、 Structural Damping Values (H9252s). 22Mandatory AppendixI Structural Design (Gust Effect Factor Calculation) 37Nonmandatory AppendicesA Mechanical Design 48B Materials for Ambient and Elevated Temperature Service . 62C Linings and Coatings . 77D Structural Design . 82E Example Calculations . 88F Co
15、nversion Factors: U.S. Customary to SI (Metric) . 97iiiFOREWORDIn early 1978, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was approached by a groupinterested in formulating a standard for the design, fabrication, and erection of steel stacks andtheir appurtenances. They felt there was a need for su
16、ch a Standard to establish a better levelof standardization in the industry and for safeguarding the community. Because of the particularnature of stacks and their susceptibility to failures due to wind and seismic-induced vibrations,along with corrosion and erosion, the design process is a complex
17、one. Additionally, recentregulations by the Environmental Protection Agency concerning emissions have placed a strongemphasis on the mechanical design of stacks. In the last several decades, much research has beendone and many papers written on the subject. While investigation and research continued
18、, itwas the feeling of these persons that some formal guidelines needed to be established. Therefore,in April of 1979, a group composed of stack users, researchers, designers, fabricators, and erectorsconvened at the United Engineering Center in New York City under the auspices of the AmericanSociet
19、y of Mechanical Engineers to formulate such a code.With the above in mind, the group subdivided and began gathering information to formulateguidelines for mechanical design, material selection, the use of linings and coatings, structuraldesign, vibration considerations, access and safety, electrical
20、 requirements, and fabrication andconstruction. When these were established, a section on maintenance and inspection was added.The following is a result of their work and investigation. The initial document was approved asan American National Standard in August 1986 and published as ASME/ANSI STS-1-
21、1986 inMay 1988.During the next 3 yr, the committee received comments from the public at large and from itsown membership regarding the Standards content. Several formulas needed correction, andsome of the symbols needed clarification. Section 6.3.3 regarding Earthquake Response was alsoreviewed and
22、 revised to allow for static rather than dynamic analysis in certain cases and tocorrelate it with ASCE STD-7-88 (formerly ANSI A58-1). These changes were then submitted tothe general membership and approved.In 1994, the committee was reorganized to further review and update this steel stack Standar
23、d.Emphasis was given to the Structural Design and Vibrations chapters. Chapter 4, “StructuralDesign,” was rewritten to be more compatible with the nomenclature, formulae, and symbolsused in the Manual of Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 9th Edition andLoad and Resistance Factor Desi
24、gn (LRFD), 1st Edition. Chapter 5, “Vibrations,” was revised tobe more “user friendly.” These and other chapters were updated to include the latest recognizedapplicable codes and standards.The 2006 edition included changes and improvements to the Environmental Protection Agencyregulation concerning
25、emissions that have created a strong emphasis on the mechanical designof steel stacks, made necessary changes found through practical experience with the previousedition, expanded formulas as necessary, and provided both revised and new sections for steelstack design, fabrication, and erection. It r
26、evised sections on appurtenances to meet todaysrequirements for these items. A new section provided the fundamental concepts for guyed stacks.Revisions to the section on the physical properties of steel at elevated temperatures were madeto match information available through a comprehensive review o
27、f current technical literature.Sections on vibration included minor changes but yielded a more workable standard. Also, adetailed example was included to provide a method for determining the magnitude of acrosswind loads. One method was included to address fatigue due to vibration. Fatigue can be as
28、ignificant issue in steel stack design and needs to be considered in the design. Methods todetermine across wind load and seismic loads were provided in the nonmandatory appendices.If fatigue requires close examination, the engineer is cautioned to review this issue with otherdesign standards if nec
29、essary. There are several standards among them that can be helpful: AISC,CICIND, or ASME.The last standard was approved as an American National Standard on March 11, 2011 andissued as STS-12011. ASME STS-12016 was approved as an American National Standard onSeptember 23, 2016.ivASME STS COMMITTEESte
30、el Stacks(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSC. B. Reid, ChairN. Zarrabi, Vice ChairL. T. Powers, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELR. Alkhatib, Jazari Engineering, Inc.A. K. Bhowmik, Hamon Custodis, Inc.K. D. Scott,
31、 Alternate, Hamon Custodis, Inc.J. Galsworthy, Contributing Member, Rowan Williams Davies however, they should not contain proprietary names orinformation.viRequests that are not in the format described above may be rewritten in the appropriate formatby the Committee prior to being answered, which m
32、ay inadvertently change the intent of theoriginal request.ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additionalinformation that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by aninterpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or
33、Subcommittee. ASME does not“approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.Attending Committee Meetings. The STS Standards Committee regularly holds meetingsand/or telephone conferences that are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meet
34、ingand/or telephone conference should contact the Secretary of the STS Standards Committee.Future Committee meeting dates and locations can be found on the Committee Page atgo.asme.org/STScommittee.viiINTRODUCTIONThe following Standard applies to steel stacks; i.e., those stacks where the primary su
35、pportingshell is made of steel. It applies to both single- and multiple-walled steel stacks, either of whichcan be lined or unlined. It also applies to steel stacks that are guyed or to certain aspects of towerstacks. The stack may be supported on a foundation or from another structure.This Standard
36、 covers many facets of the design of steel stacks. It outlines the considerationthatmustbemadeforboththemechanicalandstructuraldesign.Itemphasizeswhatconsiderationmust be taken for wind- and seismic-induced vibrations. It gives guidelines for the selection ofmaterial, linings, and coatings. It gives
37、 the requirements for lighting and lightning protectionbased upon existing building and federal codes. It gives the requirements for climbing andaccess based upon current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards. Itemphasizes the important areas regarding fabrication and constr
38、uction. It outlines areas requiringmaintenance and inspection following initial operation.Although many of the topics within these guidelines may be used for all stacks, this Standardis intended to provide design guidelines for stacks containing nonflammable gases, such ascombustion exhaust gases at
39、 low internal pressures. For stacks containing combustible gasesunder pressure, such as flare stacks and flammable vents, additional design considerations mustbe addressed, including design for internal pressure, design for internal deflagration pressure,and compatibility with adjoining piping desig
40、n that is in accordance with piping and/or vesseldesign codes, such as ASME B31.3 and Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code(BPVC). In addition, the materials of construction referenced in this Standard may not be allowedfor use with flammable gases under pressure per ASME B31.3 an
41、d Section VIII of the ASMEBPVC; materials suitable for pressure containment of flammable gases are listed in these codes.No attempt is made within this Standard to define the need or the methods to be used to considerthese additional design considerations.The information presented has been prepared
42、in accordance with established engineeringprinciples utilizing state-of-the-art information. It is intended for general information. Whileevery effort has been made to ensure its accuracy, the information should not be relied upon forany specific application without the consultation of a competent,
43、licensed professional engineerto determine its suitability. It is therefore recommended that Engineering/Design drawings ofthe stack bear the Professional Engineer Seal, signature, and date.Nothing in the Standard shall be construed to alter or subvert the requirements of any existingcode orauthorit
44、y havingjurisdiction overthe facility.Furthermore, alternatemethods andmateri-als to those herein indicated may be used, provided that the engineer can demonstrate theirsuitability to all affected agencies and authorities.viiiASME STS-12016STEEL STACKS1 MECHANICAL DESIGN1.1 ScopeMechanical design in
45、cludes sizing of the gas passage,both in diameter and height, and the drop in gastemperature as heat is transferred through the stackwall. Methods for calculating draft, draft losses, andheat losses are given. Differential expansion of stackcomponents is discussed. Design considerations forstack app
46、urtenances are established.1.2 GeneralThe purpose of a stack is to vent process exhaust gasesto the atmosphere. The mechanical design of stacks isnow controlled in part by air pollution rules and regula-tions. Heights and diameters are set by a balancebetween structural stability and function, while
47、 at thesame time meeting the requirements for air pollutioncontrol dispersion of the gases to the atmosphere. Theheights of steel stacks have increased to satisfy ambientair quality, and stack inlet gas temperatures havedecreased as more heat energy is recovered. The impor-tance of attention to stac
48、k heat losses has thereforeincreased. Stack minimum metal temperature should beheld above the acid dew point of the vented gases, ifpossible. Stacks are being designed with many appurte-nances to monitor the gases and make stack inspections.1.3 Size Selection (Height, Diameter, and Shape)1.3.1 Heigh
49、t. Stack height may be set by one ormore factors.(a) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regula-tions may set the required stack height for downwashdue to local terrain or adjacent structures or to dispersepollutants at a minimum height above the site. Referproposed stack location and purposes to the proper EPAauthorities for the minimum height requirement undercontrolling air pollution control regulations. See Federalregister part II, EPA 40CFR, part 51, Stack HeightRegulation (July 8, 1985).(b) The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)sets minimum height of high-temp
