1、Designation: C1171 15Standard Test Method forQuantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock andThermal Cycling on Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used for determining the strengthloss or reduction in continuity, or both, of
3、 prism-shapedspecimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes andsubjected to thermal cycling.1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference inmodulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens andthe specimens subjected to thermal cycling.1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is e
4、stimated by thedifference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This
5、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents
6、2.1 ASTM Standards:2C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-lus of Rupture of RefractoriesC607 Practice for Coking Large Shapes of Carbon-BearingMaterialsC1419 Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Mate-rials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining anApproximate Youngs Modu
7、lusE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractoryproduct to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes intem
8、perature.3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of thiscycling test is 1200C (2190F), this test method may notindicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cyclingat higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existingmorphology of the refractory product changes.3.3 This tes
9、t method is useful for research and development,as well as for comparing refractory products. The precisionshould be considered when using this test for specificationpurposes.3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to berugged:temperature +5Chot spacing12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)cold spa
10、cing12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)center vs. end gripping of the barshotholdtime 10to15mincoldholdtime 10to15minoperator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)initially cold or heated sampleslast in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)removal from the furnacesawed or original surface as ten
11、sile face during MOR testingbar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)4. Apparatus4.1 Furnace, capable of maintaining 1200C (2190F) withrecovery rate of less than 5 min to temperature.4.2 Abrasive Saw, to cut the test specimens.4.3 Dryer, capable of operating at 105C to 110C (220F to230F).4.4
12、Tongs or Fork, for handling hot specimens.4.5 Safety Equipment, such as gloves, face shields, andtinted safety glasses.4.6 Alumina Setter Brick, 90 %, placed 5 in. (127 mm) apartin and outside the furnace.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the dir
13、ect responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1171 05(2011).DOI: 10.1520/C1171-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.o
14、rg, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.7 Strength
15、Testing MachineAny form of standard me-chanical or hydraulic compression testing machine that con-forms to the requirements of Practices E4 may be used.4.8 Sonic Velocity MachineTest apparatus3conforming tothe section on Test Apparatus of Test Method C1419.5. Sampling5.1 The sampling shall consist o
16、f at least two bricks orshapes, or test samples made from monolithic refractories. Atleast ten test specimens shall be used. An equal number ofspecimens shall be taken from each of the bricks or shapes.5.2 Samples should be prefired to a temperature at least ashigh as the test temperatures.6. Test S
17、pecimens6.1 Test specimens shall be 1 6132 in. by 1 6132 in. byapproximately 6 in. (25 6 0.8 by 25 6 0.8 by approximately152 mm). Note in the report if other specimen sizes are used.Specimens cut from brick shall have at least one original bricksurface. If cut shapes, the specimens shall be taken pa
18、rallel tothe longest dimension. For irregular shapes, all four longsurfaces of the specimens may be cut faces. Note this in thereport.6.2 Opposite faces of the specimen shall be approximatelyparallel, and adjacent faces shall be approximately perpendicu-lar.6.3 Measure the width and depth of the tes
19、t specimen atmid-span to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3 mm).6.4 Specimens should be visually crack- and flaw-free.6.5 Dry specimens to constant weight at 105 to 110C (220to 230F).6.6 Carbon-containing samples must be coked according toPractice C607 and must be wrapped in foil during the cyclingprocedure.
20、 See Fig. 1 for the wrapping technique.7. Procedure7.1 Measure the sonic velocity along the length of each testspecimen according to Test Method C1419 and divide thespecimens into two equal groups on the basis of similardistributions of velocity measurements.7.2 Determine the cold modulus of rupture
21、 (using TestMethods C133) on one group, using three point loading with a5-in. (127-mm) span and a loading rate of 175 lbf/min (778N/mm).7.3 Preheat the test furnace to the test temperature of 12006 15C (2190 6 25F); preheating is usually done the nightprior to testing. Use of other test temperatures
22、 is allowed andmust be included as a deviation in the report.7.4 Place the test specimens from the remaining group intothe furnace spanning the setter brick and allow them to remainthere for 10 to 15 min. Then, remove the specimens from thefurnace and allow them to cool for 10 to 15 min while spanni
23、ngthe setter brick in ambient air. This is considered one full cycle.Keep the specimens12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) apart duringeach 10 to 15 min interval. Repeat for a total of five full cycles.Cycle time in the furnace starts after recovery.7.5 Measure the sonic velocity (using Test Method C1419)a
24、long the length of each cycled test specimen.7.6 Determine the cold modulus of rupture (using TestMethods C133) of each cycled test specimen from the secondgroup, using three point loading with a 5-in. (127-mm) spanand a loading rate of 175 lbf/min (778 N/mm) or 0.05 in./min(1.27 mm/min).8. Calculat
25、ion8.1 Calculate the percent sonic velocity loss of each speci-men as follows:V02 VFV03100where:V0= original sonic velocity of each specimen, ft/s (m/s), andVF= sonic velocity of each specimen after testing, ft/s (m/s).8.2 Calculate the percent modulus of rupture strength loss ofeach specimen as fol
26、lows:M02 MfM03100where:M0= average modulus of rupture strength of the unshockedspecimens from the first group after testing, psi (MPa),andMf= modulus of rupture strength of each specimen for thesecond group after testing, psi (MPa).9. Report9.1 Report the individual sonic velocity, modulus of ruptur
27、e,percent sonic velocity loss, and percent modulus of rupturestrength loss values, as well as the average percent sonicvelocity loss, the average percent modulus of rupture loss, andthe furnace temperature. Report the number of test specimensincluded in any modulus of rupture calculation. The report
28、shall also list any deviations from standard test requirementsand the variables included in this testing such as specimen3A commercially available instrument, such as a James V-Meter, Pundit, orequivalent, is an acceptable test apparatus.FIG. 1 Foil Wrapping for Prism Shock Test (Not to Scale)C1171
29、152sizes, actual temperature of cycling, the Sonic Velocity Ma-chine used, the sample prefiring temperature, and the particularrefractory material tested.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory round-robin test was conducted in 1988 among six laboratories onthree diffe
30、rent types of refractory products. Each laboratorytested two specimens from each of five samples of each ofthree different types. Each laboratory determined sonic veloc-ity and modulus of rupture strength after cycling to 1200C.The components of variance from this study expressed asstandard deviatio
31、n and relative standard deviation are given inTable 1. Refer to Practice E691 for calculation of componentsof variance.10.2 PrecisionThe results of the interlaboratory study areshown in Table 1. The precision was found to vary based on thetype of material tested. A test result should be consideredsi
32、gnificantly different at a confidence level of 95 % if therepeatability or reproducibility, or both, exceeds the precisiondata listed in Table 1.10.3 BiasNo justifiable statement of bias is possible sincetrue variables cannot be established by an acceptable referencemethod.11. Keywords11.1 modulus o
33、f rupture; refractories; sonic velocity; ther-mal cyclingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such paten
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38、vers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Relative PrecisionModulus of RuptureBrick Type MOR Lost, %CoefficientWithin Lab, %VariationBetween Labs, %RepeatabilityInterval, Percentof AverageReproducibilityInterval, Percentof Average70 % Alumina:Specimen 1Specimen 220.6819.4459.4353.0965.3366.51166
39、.40148.64182.92186.2360 % MgO DB:Specimen 1Specimen 259.4855.5225.7419.9229.3622.1872.0755.7882.2162.10MgOC:Specimen 1Specimen 223.5831.4946.1074.3196.8283.01129.08208.07271.09232.42Sonic VelocityBrick TypeSonic VelocityLost, %Coefficient WithinLab,%VariationBetween Labs, %RepeatabilityInterval, Per
40、centof AverageReproducibilityInterval, Percentof Average70 % Alumina:Specimen 1Specimen 214.0313.7911.6217.3721.7423.3732.5348.6360.8766.9660 % MgO DB:Specimen 1Specimen 242.4144.1914.157.9819.1413.8539.6132.3553.5838.78MgOC:Specimen 1Specimen 222.6423.756.0838.6978.9094.7617.03108.33220.92265.33C1171 153
