1、Designation: C 1645 06Standard Test Method forFreeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid ConcreteInterlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the resistance to freezing andthawing of solid interlocking concrete pavin
3、g units conformingto the dimensional requirements of Specification C 936. Unitsare tested in a test solution that is either water or 3 % salinesolution, depending on the intended use of the units in actualservice.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard d
4、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use of this standard to establish appropri-ate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilityof regulatory limitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
5、rds:2C 936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnits3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects offreezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensionalrequirements of Specification C 936 while immersed in a testsolution. Other types of segme
6、ntal concrete paving units thatdo not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specifica-tion C 936 may be tested using this method.3.2 The results from this test method are not intended toprovide a quantitative measure of the length of service frompaving units conforming to the dimensional requir
7、ements ofSpecification C 936.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing ApparatusThe freezing appa-ratus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room withcontrols to reach and maintain an air temperature of 5 6 3C(23 6 5F) within1hofintroduction of specimens. Thethawing chamber shall maintain a controll
8、ed air temperature.This temperature shall never be greater than + 30C (86F).4.2 BalanceA balance capable of weighing 500 g with anaccuracy of 6 0.1 g shall be used for measuring the mass of thefine spalled material.4.3 OvenThe oven shall be vented and capable of beingmaintained at 60 6 2C (140 6 4F)
9、.4.4 Specimen ContainerThe specimen container shall bemade of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensionsthat allow complete submersion of the specimen in the testsolution. The size of the container shall be less than or equal tothree times the volume of the unit that is being tested. Thecon
10、tainer shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test SpecimensSelect whole units repre-sentative of the lot from which they are selected. The unitsshall be free from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structuraldefects.5.2 Number of Test SpecimensSample according to
11、 therequirements of Specification C 936.5.3 IdentificationMark each test specimen so that it isidentifiable at any time.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Curing and ConditioningTest specimens shall consistof full size units, a minimum of 28 days old.After sampling, alltest specimens shall be cured
12、 for 14 days in a moist chamber(cabinet or room) at an air temperature of 23 6 2C (73 6 4F)and a relative humidity of at least 90 %. Moist curing shall befollowed by air curing for a minimum of 14 days at 23 6 5C(73 6 9F) at a minimum 40 % relative humidity.6.1.1 After air curing, specimens then sha
13、ll be oven condi-tioned for 48 h 6 2hat606 2C (140 6 4F).1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.20 onArchitectural and Structural Products.Current edition approved on June 1, 2006. Published
14、June 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.2 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushedclean with a stiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edgeshards shall be removed with a carborundum stone.7. Procedure7.1 Freezing and Thawing CyclesOne freeze-thaw cyclesh
16、all be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 61 h of freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The specimensshall be subjected to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyondthe operators control, a freezing period cannot commence atthe specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawed
17、condition until conditions are suitable for resumption of thetest. The specimen temperature shall conform to 5 6 3C (236 5F) for the last2hofthefreezing cycle and a minimum of+5 C (40F) for the last 1 h of the thawing cycle. Thetemperature shall be recorded at least every 15 min with atemperature pr
18、obe inside a specimen.7.2 Specimen ContainmentImmediately followingcompletion of the oven conditioning, each warm specimenshall be centered with the wearing surface facing upwards inindividual containers. The supported bottom surface of thespecimens shall rest on glass, stainless steel, ceramic, or
19、plasticspacers approximately 5 mm (0.2 in.) high to ensure exposureof the entire bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of5 mm (0.2 in.) clearance shall be provided between thespecimen and the container in all directions.7.3 Test SolutionIf the test solution is saline, containersshall be fil
20、led with 3 6 0.1 % NaCl solution. The test solution(tap water or saline) shall have a minimum temperature of15C (60F). The level of the test solution shall be 5 6 1mm(0.2 6 0.04 in.) above the surface of the specimens. Excess testsolution volume shall be avoided in order to ensure rapidfreezing of t
21、he specimens.After filling the containers they shallbe immediately closed to minimize evaporation and the closedcontainers left at a minimum temperature of 15C (60F) for 24h 6 1h.7.4 Temperature MonitoringFollowing the 24-hour satu-ration period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuousfreeze-
22、thaw cycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw apparatus, as well as those of the specimen, shall becontinuously measured at least every 15 min, recorded andreported. If for any reason, continuous 24-hour cycles cannotbe maintained, then this shall be noted in the report.7.5 Collection of R
23、esidueAfter 10, 25, and (if necessary)50 cycles, the specimens shall be washed with de-ionized waterto remove all loose particles. These particles and spalledmaterial collected at the bottom of the containers shall bewashed, filtered using an 80 m filter paper, and dried to aconstant mass. This resi
24、due shall be defined as mass lossexpressed in grams. The residue shall be cumulatively weighedafter 10, 25, and 50 (if necessary) cycles.7.5.1 If the test solution is 3 % saline, provide a newsolution of 3 % NaCl following each determination of loss ofmass. The 24-hour presoaking period shall be wai
25、ved follow-ing 10 and 25 cycles provided that the specimens are main-tained in a saturated condition during mass determination.7.5.2 The test shall continue until 25 freeze-thaw cycleshave been completed or unless an individual test specimen hasdisintegrated, or lost more than 200 g/m2. If the loss
26、of massexceeds 200 g/m2from an individual specimen the test shallcontinue until 50 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed. If atany time losses exceed 500 g/m2or disintegration of anindividual specimen necessitates termination of testing prema-turely, the loss of mass shall be determined and added t
27、o thepreviously lost mass.8. Calculation and Report8.1 The loss of mass shall be calculated in grams per squaremeter of surface area to the nearest 0.1 g/m2. The total surfacearea of the paver shall be determined from the specified shapeand dimensions shown in the manufacturers mold drawings.8.2 The
28、 report shall include the following:8.2.1 name of client and manufacturer;8.2.2 the date of manufacture and sampling;8.2.3 plant or field sampling;8.2.4 the batch number;8.2.5 identification of specimens and color;8.2.6 dimensions of the specimens;8.2.7 dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.2
29、.8 mass lost by each specimen and the average resultsafter 10, 25, and 50 (if necessary) cycles or at the time oftermination of the test;8.2.9 the number of cycles at termination;8.2.10 a description of the damage suffered by the speci-mens, with photographs where possible; and8.2.11 any deviations
30、from this testing procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and bias data for this test method is not yetavailable.10. Keywords10.1 freeze-thaw durability; interlocking concrete paversASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
31、 item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
32、committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
33、 a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
34、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C1645062
