1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 852及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you
2、 fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Culture the Fifth Language Skill I. The understanding of culture A. “Software of the Mind“ traditions, values and_behaviour【 T1】 _
3、 daily life, institutions and cultural artefacts interesting and useful, often included in_【 T2】 _ B. the development of cultural_and skill【 T3】 _ building_【 T4】 _ the qualities needed to deal with other cultures how to operate successfully with people from other cultures It is mainly needed by_.【 T
4、5】 _ II. The teaching of culture in ELT A. cultural knowledge: the knowledge of the cultures_【 T6】 _ B. cultural_: such as family, hospitality, patriotism, fairness【 T7】 _ C. cultural behaviour: the knowledge of_and behaviour【 T8】 _ D. cultural skills: the development of intercultural awareness III.
5、 The reasons for culture being the fifth language skill A. the international role of the English language English is a_.【 T9】 _ English is a_ needed in operating internationally.【 T10】 _ So English should emerge_in the school curriculum.【 T11】 _ B. _【 T12】 _ Everybody is dealing with foreigners. Adu
6、lts: outsourcing or email, phone and video-conferencing Kids:_, keypal schemes and networks like Facebook【 T13】 _ IV. What the fifth language skill teaches A. the mindset and techniques to_in using【 T14】 _ English to accept difference in other cultures B. an obvious_change embodied in the use of lan
7、guage【 T15】 _ V. Conclusion 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five
8、 questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Yo
9、u have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. （ A） Job interview. （ B） How to network for your job. （ C） How to hunt for a new job. （ D） Stealth job hunting. （ A） To prepare early. （ B） To seek further education. （ C） To stay until the time is ready. （ D） To search the Internet for opportunities.
10、（ A） It is probably a job hunting agency. （ B） It is a book written by the guest speaker. （ C） It is a social networking website. （ D） It is a professional method to build up interpersonal connections. （ A） Participating in events with co-workers. （ B） Attending industry conferences. （ C） Meeting pe
11、ople face to face and online. （ D） Completing and updating ones online files. （ A） He or she will be suspicious. （ B） He or she will be excited. （ C） He or she will expect the employees leaving the job. （ D） He or she will expect the employees networking for the job. （ A） Because they will point out
12、 the right direction. （ B） Because they will connect him or her to the job opportunity. （ C） Because they will know he or she is looking for a new job. （ D） Because they will recommend him or her to other companies. （ A） When one has a job offer. （ B） When word gets around. （ C） When the boss asks.
13、（ D） When one turns in his resignation letter. （ A） The boss will be happy to know that. （ B） The fellow workers would be jealous. （ C） It would not succeed in most cases. （ D） People will know about it. （ A） When everyone else has a masters degree. （ B） When one finds out where he wants the career
14、to go. （ C） When there are gaps between ones skills or knowledge and those listed in job postings. （ D） When one has saved enough money and there are plenty of choices for additional training including in-house programs. （ A） Wearing a suit to the office. （ B） Getting ones job done in time. （ C） Doi
15、ng interviews during lunchtime. （ D） Taking a day off for interviews. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the o
16、ne that you think is the best answer. 25 A perennial problem in semantics is the delineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the
17、 scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature. A standard assumption in computationally oriented semantics is that knowledge of the meaning of a sentence can be equated with knowle
18、dge of its truth conditions: that is, knowledge of what the world would be like if the sentence were true. This is not the same as knowing whether a sentence is true, which is usually an empirical matter, but knowledge of truth conditions is a prerequisite for such verification to be possible. Meani
19、ng as truth conditions needs to be generalized somewhat for the case of imperatives or questions, but is a common ground among all contemporary theories, in one form or another, and has an extensive philosophical justification. A semantic description of a language is some finitely stated mechanism t
20、hat allows us to say, for each sentence of the language, what its truth conditions are. Just as for grammatical description, a semantic theory will characterize complex and novel sentences on the basis of their constituents: their meanings, and the manner in which they are put together. The basic co
21、nstituents will ultimately be the meanings of words and morphemes. The modes of combination of constituents are largely determined by the syntactic structure of the language. In general, to each syntactic rule combining some sequence of child constituents into a parent constituent, there will corres
22、pond some semantic operation combining the meanings of the children to produce the meaning of the parent. A corollary of knowledge of the truth conditions of a sentence is knowledge of what inferences can be legitimately drawn from it. Valid inference is traditionally within the province of logic as
23、 is truth and mathematical logic has provided the basic tools for the development of semantic theories. One particular logical system, first order predicate calculus(FOPC), has played a special role in semantics as it has in many areas of computer science and artificial intelligence. FOPC can be see
24、n as a small model of how to develop a rigorous semantic treatment for a language, in this case an artificial one developed for the unambiguous expression of some aspects of mathematics. The set of sentences or well formed formulae of FOPC are specified by a grammar, and a rule of semantic interpret
25、ation is associated with each syntactic construct permitted by this grammar. The interpretations of constituents are given by associating them with set-theoretic constructions from a set of basic elements in some universe of discourse. Thus for any of the infinitely large set of FOPC sentences we ca
26、n give a precise description of its truth conditions, with respect to that universe of discourse. Furthermore, we can give a precise account of the set of valid inferences to be drawn from some sentence or set of sentences, given these truth conditions, or given a set of rules of inference for the l
27、ogic. Some natural language processing tasks(e.g., message routing, textual information retrieval, translation)can be carried out quite well using statistical or pattern matching techniques that do not involve semantics in the sense assumed above. However, performance on some of these tasks improves
28、 if semantic processing is involved. Some tasks, however, cannot be carried out at all without semantic processing of some form. One important example application is that of database query, of the type chosen for the Air Travel Information Service task. For example, if a user asks, “Does every fligh
29、t from London to San Francisco stop over in Reykyavik?“ then the system needs to be able to deal with some simple semantic facts. Relational databases do not store propositions of the form every X has property P and so a logical inference from the meaning of the sentence is required. In this case, e
30、very X has property P is equivalent to there is no X that does not have property P and a system that knows this will also therefore know that the answer to the question is no if a non-stopping flight is found and yes otherwise. 26 Which one of the following phenomena comes within the scope of semant
31、ics? （ A） Irony. （ B） Literal interpretations of sentences in a context. （ C） Metaphor. （ D） Conversational implicature. 27 What is NOT discussed in the text? （ A） The knowledge of the truth conditions. （ B） The development of semantic theory. （ C） The applications of semantics. （ D） First order pre
32、dicate calculus. 28 Which one of the following statements is incorrect? （ A） FOPC can be applied to artificial intelligence. （ B） Mathematical logic has provided the basic tools for the development of semantic theories. （ C） Natural language processing will be carried out better if semantic processi
33、ng is involved. （ D） Air travel tasks cannot be carried out without semantic processing. 28 In 1977, the group Women Office Workers held a contest for secretaries, inviting them to name the “ most ridiculous personal errand“ theyd ever run. As Lynn Peril tells it in “ Swimming in the Steno Pool“, he
34、r light, wry history of the secretarial profession, the winner was a woman whose boss asked her to take pictures of him before, while and after he shaved off his moustache. The runner-ups task was to pick up her bosss wife and newborn baby from the hospital. This is the professions image problem: Se
35、cretaries have to either cater to their bosses in loopy ways or contend with the idea that they might. Peril, a longtime secretary herself, is frank about how womens clerical dominance has both helped and hindered them. Her account gives secretaries their due while making clear why they posed a prob
36、lem for the equal rights movement, and vice versa. In the late 19th century, when women started taking over the field, they were paid half what men were for clerical work but twice the salary of a public-school teacher, Peril finds. It made some sense, then, when in 1923 an inventor of the typewrite
37、r was photographed for a commemorative book with an ensemble of women in Greek gowns and the proud line “ EMANCIPATION“ on the facing page. The downside was that while men could treat clerical jobs as the first rung of the office management ladder, women almost never made that climb. Instead, they w
38、ere supposed to settle for reflected glory. One 1960s author told her readers they could “be a lawyers or a doctors or a scientists secretary because you once hoped to be a lawyer or a doctor or a scientist“. Peril notes exceptions. Jane J. Martin, a stenographer turned advertising whiz whose 1921 s
39、alary would have come to $300,000 today, sounds like a prototype for the “Mad Men“ character Peggy Olson. Katharine Gibbs, a dressmaker turned stenographer, sold her jewelry to raise money, then opened a successful chain of secretarial schools. She accepted only female students, proclaiming, “A woma
40、ns career is blocked by lack of openings, by unjust male competition, by prejudice and, not least, by inadequate salary and recognition.“ Still, as Peril writes, its a mistake to think of Gibbs as a protofeminist: her school turned out “ perfect secretaries in white gloves and hats whose thorough kn
41、owledge of shorthand and typing was surpassed only by their loyalty to the boss“. Feminist also isnt quite the right word for Helen Gurley Brown. She broke the dutiful and chaste mold as she moved up the ranks to become editor of Cosmopolitan. Yet remembering her 1940s days as a secretary at a Los A
42、ngeles radio station, she fondly described the “ dandy game“ of scuttle, in which a group of men picked a secretary to chase and catch so they could take off her underwear. “ The girls wore their prettiest panties to work,“ Brown wrote. “Alas, I was never scuttled.“ Its a story that justifies the mo
43、st tedious office training on sexual harassment. In the 1970s, second-wave feminists missed chances to appeal to the nine million women who did clerical work. Gloria Steinem apparently didnt make their feelings her priority when, in her 1971 commencement address at Smith College, she imagined the po
44、wer of an entire generation of women refusing to learn how to type. When feminists marched for equality in New York, the director of one secretaries group declined to participate, declaring, “ Were not exhibitionists, and we dont carry signs.“ Another rejected the idea that secretaries needed other
45、women to liberate them. “ Were perfectly capable of being our own spokesmen,“ she said, adding, “The truth is, were not unhappy.“ This rings true. As Peril writes, “not everyone aspired to be an executive.“ At the same time, for generations contentment was the only acceptable outlook for women in th
46、e office. One guide for secretaries urged them to be “fair and sunny . no matter how you feel.“ The journalist and author Anne Kreamer wants people in the workplace men and women to be more comfortable expressing how they feel. In “Its Always Personal“ , she asserts that as more women are elevated t
47、o positions of power, a greater range of emotions will become acceptable at work. “ Is it a real problem that while emotion underlies nearly all important work decisions, most of us most of the time pretend that its not so?“ She asks rhetorically. Kreamers book explores how to be true to your “emoti
48、onal flashpoints anger, fear, anxiety, empathy, happiness and crying“ without sabotaging your career. You can let your upper lip wobble. But you shouldnt become the office basket case. To figure out what people actually think about the expression of emotion at work, Kreamer persuaded an advertising
49、agency to help her conduct a nationally representative poll of 700 workers. She found some differences between men and women, especially with regard to tears. In her survey, women were much more likely to report crying at work than men. Yet crying or not crying did not relate to how much respondents liked their jobs or how high they placed in the office hie
