1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 51及答案与解析 Section C 0 British psychologists have found evidence of a link between excessive Internet use and depression, a research has shown. Leeds University researchers, writing in the Psychopathology journal, said a small proportion of Internet users were classed as Internet ad
2、dicts and that people in this group were more likely to be depressed than non-addicted users. The article on the relationship between excessive Internet use and depression, a questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults, used data gathered from respondents to links placed on UK-based s
3、ocial networking sites. The respondents answered questions about how much time they spent on the Internet and what they used it for; they also completed the Beck Depression Inventory a series of questions designed to measure the severity of depression. The six-page report, by the university s Instit
4、ute of Psychological Sciences, said 18 of the people who completed the questionnaire were Internet addicts. “Our research indicates that excessive Internet use is associated with depression, but what we dont know is which comes first are depressed people drawn to the Internet or does the Internet ca
5、use depression?“ the articles lead author, Dr. Catriona Morrison, said. “What is clear is that, for a small part of people, excessive use of the Internet could be a warning signal for depressive tendencies.“ The age range of all respondents was between 16 and 51 years, with a mean age of 21.24. The
6、mean age of the 18 Internet addicts, 13 of whom were male and five female, was 18.3 years. By comparing the scale of depression within this group to that within a group of 18 non-addicted Internet users, researchers found the Internet addicts had a higher incidence of moderate to severe depression t
7、han non-addicts. They also discovered that addicts spent proportionately more time browsing sexually pleasing websites, online gaming sites and online communities. “This study reinforces the public speculation(推测 )that over-engaging in websites that serve to replace normal social function might be l
8、inked to psychological disorders like depression and addiction,“ Morrison said. “We now need to consider the wider societal implications of this relationship and establish clearly the effects of excessive Internet use on mental health.“ 1 Internet addicts are people who_. （ A） use the Internet more
9、than enough （ B） feel depressed when using the Internet （ C） feel depressed without the Internet （ D） seldom connect to the Internet 2 What was collected as data by the researchers? （ A） Respondents answers to a questionnaire. （ B） Links on UK-based social networking sites. （ C） Respondents visits t
10、o UK-based social networking sites. （ D） The number of users of UK-based social networking sites. 3 What is confirmed by me study? （ A） Depression leads to excessive use of Internet. （ B） Depression results from excessive use of Internet. （ C） Excessive use of Internet usually accompanies depression
11、. （ D） Excessive use of Internet is usually prior to depression. 4 It is speculated by the public that online communities_. （ A） can never replace normal social function （ B） are associated with psychological disorders （ C） shouldnt take the blame for psychological disorders （ D） are intended to rep
12、lace normal social function 5 According to Dr. Catriona Morrison, the public speculation_. （ A） is worth further study （ B） helps clarify their study （ C） lacks scientific evidence （ D） turns out to be correct 5 The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scie
13、ntists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year. A few years a
14、go a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in s
15、afety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis“. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original lev
16、el of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer,
17、 the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger. In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtl
18、e and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions ., eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical
19、Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span. 6 What socia
20、l scientists have long felt puzzled about? （ A） The mortality rate can not be predicted. （ B） The death types remained stable year after year. （ C） A quota for each type of death has not come into being. （ D） People lost their lives every year for this or that reason. 7 In his research, Gerald Wilde
21、 finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards_. （ A） have helped solve the problem of so high death rate （ B） have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past century （ C） have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths （ D） have achieved no effect in bringi
22、ng down the number of deaths 8 According to the theory of “risk homeostasis“, some traffic accidents result from_. （ A） our innate desire for risk （ B） our fast and reckless driving （ C） our ignorance of seat belt benefits （ D） our instinctive interest in speeding 9 By saying “. statistically cancel
23、ing out the benefits that the seat belt confers“(Para. 2), the author means_. （ A） wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view （ B） deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing them （ C） deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits
24、 of wearing seat belts （ D） wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents 10 Which of the following may contribute to a longer lifespan? （ A） Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others. （ B） Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care. （ C） Cultiv
25、ating an optimistic personality and never losing heart. （ D） Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk. 10 Traffic lights are crucial tools for regulating traffic flow. They are not, however, perfect. Drivers exchange the gridlock that would happen at unmanaged junctions for
26、 a pattern of stop-go movement that can still be frustrating, and which burns more fuel than a smooth passage would. Creating such a smooth passage means adjusting a vehicle s speed so that it always arrives at the lights when they are green. That is theoretically possible, but practically hard. Roa
27、dside signs wired to traffic lights may help, but they have not been widely deployed. Now scientists have an idea that could make the process cheaper and more effective. Instead of a hardwired network of signs, they propose to use mobile-phone apps. For a driver to benefit, he must load a special so
28、ftware, dubbed SignalGuru, into his phone and then mount it on a special bracket attached to the inside of his cars windscreen, with the camera lens pointing forwards. SignalGuru is designed to detect traffic lights and track their status as red, amber or green. It broadcasts this information to oth
29、er phones in the area that are fitted with the same software, and if there are enough of them the phones thus each know the status of most of the lights around town. Using this information, SignalGuru is able to calculate the traffic-light schedule for the region and suggest the speed at which a dri
30、ver should travel in order to avoid running into red lights. Tests in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where five drivers were asked to follow the same route for three hours, and in Singapore, where eight drivers were asked to follow one of two routes for 30 minutes, revealed that SignalGuru was capable of
31、 predicting traffic-light activity with an accuracy of 98.2% and 96.3 % respectively, in the two cities. This was particularly impressive because in Cambridge the lights shifted, roughly half-way through the test, from their off-peak schedule to their afternoon-traffic schedule, while in Singapore l
32、ights are adaptive, using detectors embedded under the road to determine how much traffic is around and thus when a signal should change. Fuel consumption fell, too by about 20 %. SignalGuru thus reduces both frustration and fuel use, and makes commuting a slightly less horrible experience. 11 What
33、do drivers do if they want to pass unmanaged junctions smoothly? （ A） They must wait patiently until traffic lights turn green. （ B） They need to help traffic police to regulate traffic flows. （ C） They can drive through the red lights if nobody is around. （ D） They have to adjust the speed in time
34、for the green lights. 12 Roadside signs have not been widely deployed probably because_. （ A） it takes a lot of space to put them up （ B） it is hard to wire them to traffic lights （ C） they cost more money to install （ D） they are less effective in bad weather 13 What do we know about SignalGuru fro
35、m the second paragraph? （ A） It is intended to keep track of traffic jams. （ B） It can show where all traffic lights are. （ C） It enables phones to share the information. （ D） It works as a brake that slows down the car. 14 What did tests in Cambridge and Singapore reveal? （ A） SignalGuru can detect
36、 the status of traffic lights with accuracy. （ B） Traffic lights in Cambridge work better than those in Singapore. （ C） Drivers in Singapore follow traffic rules better than those in Cambridge. （ D） Traffic lights in Cambridge are more adaptive in off-peak hour. 15 What does the passage mainly conce
37、rn? （ A） Traffic lights turn out to be not perfect all the time. （ B） Phones with SignalGuru can be a great aid to drivers. （ C） Drivers are often struck at unmanaged junctions. （ D） Cities in the developed countries need SignalGuru badly. 15 Researchers say extra vitamin E fed to turkeys appears to
38、 help control infections from listeria(李氏杆菌 ). People who eat foods that contain this bacteria can get listeriosis(李氏杆菌病 ). This disease is especially dangerous to pregnant women, newborn babies and people with weakened defenses. The United States has more than two thousand cases of listeriosis each
39、 year and five hundred people die of it. Some cases have been linked to poultry(家禽 )products that have not been cooked enough. The researchers found that vitamin E improved the ability of turkeys to fight the growth of listeria. The findings could help other meat industries as well. Irene Wesley led
40、 the study for the United States Department of Agriculture. Researchers from Iowa State University and the University of Arkansas also took part. The findings appeared in Poultry Science magazine earlier this year. Vitamin E is found in oils from vegetables, grains and animals. It helps protect some
41、 kinds of fatty acids that are necessary for healthy cells. Vitamin E helps prevent oxygen from combining with these fats to cause damage to cells. Turkeys need vitamin E for normal development. But the scientists added extra amounts to the diet of two groups of turkeys. The birds were one day old.
42、Two other groups were not given any extra vitamin E. After six weeks, the researchers infected all the young turkeys with listeria. The scientists then tested the birds for the presence of the bacteria over a period of time. The results showed that the birds that received extra vitamin E did not get
43、 infected as often as the others. The birds that received the largest amount had the lowest number of infections. The scientists say vitamin E has a similar effect on chickens. They say chickens and turkeys that receive added vitamin E develop more infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes. The in
44、creased number of these cells appears to also help protect against other diseases that can be carried by birds. The scientists continue tests. They want to see if vitamin E can stop other dangerous bacteria that can enter food. They are testing it against salmonella and Campylobacter. 16 The disease
45、 caused by listeria_. （ A） is linked to poultry products cooked enough （ B） is especially dangerous not only to newborn babies but also to people with weakened defenses （ C） is not dangerous （ D） is dangerous only to pregnant women and newborn babies 17 Who took part in the research? （ A） Researcher
46、s from the University of Arkansas. （ B） Researchers from Iowa State University. （ C） Irene Wseley. （ D） All the above. 18 Which of the following is the EXCEPTION about the function of vitamin E? （ A） It helps protect some necessary fatty acids for healthy cells. （ B） Vitamin E only helps control inf
47、ections from listeria. （ C） Vitamin E helps the poultry develop more infection-fighting cells. （ D） Extra amounts of vitamin E can improve the quality of meat. 19 The cells called lymphocytes_. （ A） will help protect against only the disease caused by listeria （ B） help protect against diseases that
48、 can be carried by birds （ C） will not help protect against other diseases （ D） help protect against other diseases that can be carried by turkeys 20 What is the best title for this article? （ A） The seriousness of Literia （ B） Protection of the poultry （ C） The New Discovery about Vitamin E （ D） Re
49、search in the Universities 大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 51答案与解析 Section C 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。根据文章第一、二段可知， Internet addicts即为第一段中的 excessive Internet user意为过度使用网络的人。故答案为 A。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。文章第三段提到 a questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young peopleand adults， used data gathered from respondents 由此可知，研究数据来自问卷调查。故答案选 A。 【知识模块 】 仔细阅读 3 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。根据文章倒数第三段首句 Our research indicates that excessiveInternet use is associated with depression， but what we dont know is which comes first可知研究发现沉迷网络和抑郁症有关，即沉迷
