1、2008年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 Embedding 2 Morphology 3 Lingua franca 4 Minimal pairs 5 Synchronic linguistics 6 Interlanguage 7 Adjacency pairs 8 Componential analysis 9 Mode of discourse 10 Code-switching 二、简答题 11 What is linguistic determinism? 12 What is sociolinguistics? 13 What are
2、the major concerns of the Prague School theory? 14 What are the crucial features or criteria of diglossia in the narrow sense of the term? 15 What are the unique features of Hallidays systemic linguistics? 16 Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntagmatic and p
3、aradigmatic relations? 17 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austins Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. Customer: Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup. Waiter: Dont worry, theres no extra charge. 18 Words are
4、 in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair. (a)casual informal(b)intelligent stupid (c)steal steel(d)animal dog 19 What do you think is the difference between descriptive linguistics and pre
5、scriptive linguistics? 20 Think of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle proposed by P. Grice, and explain the violation of maxims in the cases below. (1)A: Have you seen my watch? B: Look in the drawer. (2)A: Renos the capital of Nevada. B: Yeah, Londons the capital of New Jersey. (3)A: I re
6、ally liked that dinner. B: Im a vegetarian. (4)A: Lets dine out with the kids this weekend. B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s. 三、写作题 21 What do you think is the relationship between the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign and the way language is used to classify reality? Illustrate your view with
7、examples. 22 Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines for different types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the Western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with your linguistic knowledge? 23 Which
8、linguistic school or approach do you think will develop rapidly in China? Elaborate your view in no less than 100 words. 2008年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 【正确答案】 Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence(main clause)in syntactic subordination. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是
9、考生对嵌入的理解。我们知道，小句既可以是独立的，也可以是非独立的。当把一个小句当作非独立小句进行嵌入时，其实就是将这个句子与另一个句子相结合。嵌 入指的是将小句包含到句子 (主句 )里使其在句法上处于从属地位的一种方式。嵌入的概念可以从教程第四章 102页找到。 2 【正确答案】 Morphology is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-fo
10、rmation processes. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是形态学的定义。形态学是语言学的一个分支，主要是关于词语的内部结构。形态学研究的是意义的最小单位 语素以及构词过程。考生可在教程第 16页找到答案。同时，考生还应掌握语言学其他分支的定义。 3 【正确答案】 Lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgrounds. It can be generalized to
11、refer to any other language used as a trade or communication medium. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对混合语言的定义。考生可参考简明教程第七章有关 Sociolinguistics的相关内容。 4 【正确答案】 A minimal pair refers to two words in a language which are different from each other by only one sound and thus each has a different meaning. For example, in be
12、at and bit there is only one sound that makes them different from each other in pronunciation and meaning. We can call beat and bit a minimal pair. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对最小对立体的理解。这是音位和音位 变体中的一个相关概念。最小对立体是指同一语言中的两个词，这两个词只有一个音位不同，因此意义也不同，我们就将这一对词称为最小对立体。例如， beat和 bit只有一个音位不同，因此也造成其意义各异，我们可以将这两个词称为一个最小对立体。参考
13、答案可在教程第 38-40页找到。 5 【正确答案】 Synchronic linguistics is the study of language by taking a fixed theoretical instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present)as its point of observation. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对共时语言学这一概念的理解。共时语言学是指在某一理论上的时间点研究语言的方法。参考答案可在教程第 20-21页找到。同时考生还应理解与此相对应的历时语言学的概念。 6 【正确答案】 The type o
14、f language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. It is often understood as a dynamic language system between the target language and the learners native language. It is imperfect compared with the
15、 target language, but it is not mere translation from the learners native language. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对中介语的理解。中介语是指正在学习过程中的第二语言或者外语学习者构建的一种语言。它通常是介于目标语和学习者母语之间的一种动态语言系统。与目标语相比它还不够完善，但也不是学习者母语的简单翻译。参考答案可在教程第 271-272页找到。 7 【正确答案】 Adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are adjacent, produced
16、 by different speakers and ordered as a first part and a second part. They are typed, so that a particular first part requires a particular second. Adjacency pairs are considered by Levinson to be a fundamental unit of conversational organization. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对语言使用中所涉及的一个概念 相邻对的理解。相邻对是会话结构的基本组成单位
17、，是日常会话中出现的在两个不同说话者之间前后衔接的一个话轮。此题答案考生可参考 Stephen C Levinson的Pragmatics，即语用学一书第 303308页。 8 【正确答案】 Componential analysis is a way of analyzing word meaning based on the belief that the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. A word can be divided into semantic components, which are called seman
18、tic features. It is claimed by showing the semantic components of a word in with positive and negative signs to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, we may better account for sense relations. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对成分分析法的理解。一些语言学家建议说词义并非不可分析的整体，它可以被看作由不
19、同语义特征组成的复合体，有比词更小的语义单位，即语义特征。通过用正负号来表示语义特征的存在与缺失。通过这样的方式我们可以更好地解释语义关系。这就是成分分析法。考生可参考教程第 114-117页的内容。 9 【正确答案】 Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with “how“communication is carried out: oral, written, etc. 【试题解析】 本题考查的是考生对话语方式的理解。话语方式是指话语的交际渠道和方式，即交际是通过何种方式
20、进行的，分为口语、书面语等。考生可参考简明教程第 119-120页的内容。 10 【正确答案】 People change from one language or language variety to another in the midst of utterance. This is called code-switching. This can take place between or even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of words. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是语码转换的含义。如果同一说
21、话者使用 双语或同一语言的不同变体，并且在言语过程中交替转换使用不同语码，我们将这种现象称为语码转换。考生可参考 Bernard Spolsky的 Sociolinguistics(社会语用学 )第4950页相关内容。 二、简答题 11 【正确答案】 Linguistic determinism is a theory developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf who was influenced by Sapir. It suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently
22、 different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points can be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other similarity between languages is relative. For this reas
23、on, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity. In a loose sense, linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be regarded synonyms. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对社会语言学中的语言决定论的理解。沃尔夫受萨丕尔的影响，提出了著名的 “萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说 ”。该理论认为，语
24、言塑造了我们的思维模式，相应地，不同的语言表达决定了人们认识世界方式的不同。从这个观点出发可以得到两点认识：一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界的认识越不同。因此，这个假说也被称为 “语言决定论 ”、 “语言相对主义 ”。宽泛地说， “语言决定论 ”、 “语言相对论 ”、 “萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说 ”可以看作同义词。 12 【正确答案】 Sociolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show the relationships
25、 between language and society and the social structures in which the users of language live. More specifically, in this discipline, we have two important things to think about: structural things and their uses in a sociocultural context. Sociolinguistics deals with two issues. First, it looks at str
26、uctural things by paying attention to language use in a social context. Second, it studies sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对社会语言学定义的理解。社会语言学是指在揭示语言与社会的关系的交叉性、应用型的语言研究。具体而言，社会语言学有两个方面的重要内容：一是语言结构的分析研究，二是社会语境中具体用法的考查。社会语言学首先试图通过社
27、会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问题，其次又通过语言现象的分析，了解社会构成的问题。考生可参考教程第七章 159-183页的内容。 13 【正确答案】 The major concerns of the Prague School theory are: 1)It was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretic
28、al barrier is erected to separate diachronic study. 2)There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. No element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation; assessment can only be made if its relationship is established with the coexisting element
29、s in the same language system. 3)Language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functional or tasks for the community using it. 4)Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phone
30、tics and phonology. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对布拉格学派主要观点的了解。考生可参考教程第十二章 296301页的内容。 14 【正确答案】 In the narrow sense, diglossia means situation that exists in a society when it has two varieties: high variety and low variety which show clear functional separation. Such a diglossia has three crucial features: (1)T
31、wo distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high(H)variety and the other a low(L)variety; (2)Each variety is used for quite distinct functions: Two varieties are kept quite apart functionally. One is used in one set of circumstances and the other in e
32、ntirely different set. One does not use an H variety in circumstances calling for an L variety, e.g., for addressing a servant; nor does one usually use an L variety when an H is called for, e.g., for writing a serious work. H and L complement each other with very slight overlapping. (3)No one uses
33、the H variety in everyday conversation(Holmes, 2001: 27). (4)The H variety is the prestige variety; the L variety lacks prestige. (5)A considerable body of literature is found to exist in H variety and almost none in the other. (6)The L variety often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from H v
34、ariety, particularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal ways. (7)All children learn the L variety. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对双言制的理解。双言制是社会语言学研究的对象之一。弗格森 1956年提出了这个概念。考生可参考简明教程第 125-126页的内容。 15 【正确答案】 Systemic-Functional linguistics aims to provide a taxonomy for sentences, a means of descri
35、ptively classifying particular sentences. Although it may not seem as influential as Chomskys transformational-generative theory in some parts of the world, it is much more relevant to the needs of various groups of people who deal with language. Halliday believes that language is what it is because
36、 it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. Systemic-Functional linguistics is based on two facts:(1)language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social int
37、eraction; and(2)language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomskys approach that takes the ideal speakers linguistic competence as the object of study. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是韩礼德系统功能语言学的特殊之处。系统功能语言学的目标是为句子提供一套分类法，为特殊的
38、句子描述性分类提供方法。韩礼德认为语言之所以成为语言，在于语言必须完成一定的功能。换言之，语言的社会需求帮助语言形成了自身的结构。考生可从教程 306-308页找到参考答案。 16 【正确答案】 In Saussures view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts: SIGNIFIED and SIGNIFIER. As the relation between a signifier and its signified is arbitrary. Therefore the linguist
39、 cannot attempt to explain individual signs in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find from its relations to others, or rather, its position in the system. The two principal types of relations which Saussure identified are SYNTAGMATIC and PARADIGMATIC relations. The former is a relation bet
40、ween one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. The PARADIGMATIC relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对语言分析的结构主义方法的理解。其
41、中涉及到的两个概念就是横组合关系和纵聚合关系。索绪尔认为，语言是一个符号系统，每个符号系统都由所指和能指组成，两者之间的关系是任意的。因此，语言学家试图以一个万全的方式来解释单个符号是不可能的，而必须从它与其他符号之间的相互关系或其在系统中的位置来寻找符号的价值。索绪尔所界定的两种主要关系类型为组合关系和聚合关系，前者是一个序列中符号和其他符号集之间的关系，或所出现的所有成分之间的关系。聚合关系是结构中某个特定位置上相互之间可以替换的成分之 间的一种关系或者是在场的与不在场的成分之间的一种关系。考生可参考教程第四章 84-85页的内容。 17 【正确答案】 The three related
42、acts are: LOCUTIONARY ACT, ILLOCUTIONARY ATC, PERLOCUTIONARY ACT. LOCUTIONARY ACT is the ordinary act we perform when we speak, i.e. we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. ILLOCUTIONARY ATC is the act performed in the performin
43、g of a locutionary act. When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT concerns the consequential
44、 effects of a locution upon the hearer. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act
45、that the speaker has performed. Customer: The locutionary act of the customer is the uttering of the expression “Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup“. The illocutionary act is the expression of the customers dissatisfaction with the service and the demand that the waiter should apologize and offer anoth
46、er bowl of soup. The perlocutionary act of this utterance is the waiter apology and offering of another bowl of soup. Waiter: The locutionary act of the waiter is the uttering of the expression “Dont worry, theres no extra charge“. The illocutionary act is the literary meaning of his response: Dont
47、worry and we will not charge you extra money for the fly, but we will not get you another bowl of clean soup. The perlocutionary act is that the customer will not complain any more. 【试题解析】 此题考查的是考生对言语行为的理解。言语行为主要有三种：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事。考生应理解言语行为理论并能够用该理论分析案例。此题考生可参考教程第八章第 186-190页的内容。 18 【正确答案】 (a)Casual
48、 and informal are synonyms. Example: buy purchase. (b)Intelligent and stupid are antonyms with opposite meanings. Example: tall short. (c)Steal and steel are homonyms, having the same pronunciation but different meanings. Example: air heir. (d)The sense relation between animal and dog is hyponymy. A
49、nimal is the SUPERORDINATE of dog, which is called HYPONYM. Example: bird sparrow. 【试题 解析】 此题考查的是考生对语义关系的理解。语义关系主要包括：同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系、同音形异义关系等。考生应掌握各种语义关系的含义并能举例分析。此题考生可参考教程第五章 109-117页的相关内容。 19 【正确答案】 The distinction between them lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Prescriptivism is to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. Some usages were prescribed to be learned by heart, followed accurately or avoided altogether. It was
