ASTM D4716 D4716M-2014 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《采用定水头法测定土工合.pdf
《ASTM D4716 D4716M-2014 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《采用定水头法测定土工合.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM D4716 D4716M-2014 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《采用定水头法测定土工合.pdf(10页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: D4716/D4716M 14Standard Test Method forDetermining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width andHydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using aConstant Head1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4716/D4716M; the number immediately following the designation indicates they
2、ear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determinin
3、gthe flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane ofgeosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and aconstant head. The test is intended primarily as an index testbut can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulicgradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected b
4、y theuser to model anticipated field conditions.1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allowcontinuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intendeddirection of flow.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The valu
5、es stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with i
6、ts use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control
7、 Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextilesby PermittivityD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD6574 Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydrau-lic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic
8、by Radial FlowE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geocomposite, na product fabricated from any com-bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or othersynthetics which is used in a geotechnical
9、application. (D4439)3.1.2 geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrallyconnected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at variousangles for planar drainage of liquids or gases. (D4439)3.1.3 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or
10、other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. (D4439)3.1.4 geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methodsand engineering principals to the acquisition, interpretation,and use of knowledge of material of the earths crust to theso
11、lution of engineering problems.3.1.4.1 DiscussionGeotechnics embraces the fields of soilmechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineeringaspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and relatedsciences. (D4439)3.1.5 geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles. (D4439)3.1.6 g
12、ravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to theplane of a geosynthetic driven predominantly by a difference inelevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe pressure at the outflow is consid-ered to be atmospheric. (D4439)3.1.7 head (static), nthe height above a
13、 standard datum ofthe surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can besupported by a static pressure at a given point. The static headis the sum of the elevation head and the pressure head. (D5092)3.1.8 hydraulic gradient, i, nthe loss of hydraulic head perunit distance of flow, dh/dL. (D4
14、439)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2
15、013 as D4716 08 (2013).DOI: 10.1520/D4716_D4716M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright
16、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.9 hydraulic transmissivity, (L2T1),nfor ageosynthetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width ofspecimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel to the plane ofthe specimen.3.1.9.1 Discuss
17、ion“transmissivity” is technically appli-cable only to saturated, laminar hydraulic flow conditions (seeAppendix X1). (D4439)3.1.10 in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a directionparallel to the plane of a geosynthetic. (D4439)3.1.11 index test, na test procedure that may containknown bias but wh
18、ich may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to the property of interest.(D4439)3.1.12 laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss isproportional to the first power of the velocity. (D4439)3.1.13 normal stress (FL2), nthe component of appliedstress that is perpendicular to
19、 the surface on which the forceacts. (D4439)3.1.14 performance test, na test that simulates in thelaboratory as closely as practical selected conditions experi-enced in the field and which can be used in design. (D4439)3.1.15 pressure flow, nflow in a direction parallel to theplane of a geosynthetic
20、 driven predominantly by a differentialfluid pressure. (D4439)3.1.16 turbulent flow, nthat type of flow in which anywater particle may move in any direction with respect to anyother particle, and in which the head loss is approximatelyproportional to the second power of the velocity. (D4439)3.1.17 F
21、or definitions of terms relating to geosynthetics,refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 steady flow, nflow conditions that do not vary withtime.3.2.2 uniform flow, nconditions where the flow area andthe mean velocity in the direction of flow are constant
22、.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The flow rate per unit width is determined by measuringthe quantity of water that passes through a test specimen in aspecific time interval under a specific normal stress and aspecific hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient(s) andspecimen contact surfaces are select
23、ed by the user either as anindex test or as a performance test to model a given set of fieldparameters as closely as possible. Measurements may berepeated under increasing normal stresses selected by the user.4.1.1 Hydraulic transmissivity should be determined onlyfor tests or for specific regions o
24、f tests that exhibit a linear flowrate per unit width versus gradient relationship, that is, laminarflow (see Appendix X1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or asa performance test used to determine and compare the flow rateper unit width of one or sever
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