1、Designation: D 5181 04Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CATComprehensive Abrasion Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe abrasion resistance of printed matter using
3、 a GA-CATComprehensive Abrasion Tester.1.2 This test method is applicable to packaging labels, book,catalog, and magazine covers, bar codes, corrugated boxes, andother containers having applied graphics on any flat substrate.It is not recommended for powder coatings.1.3 The values stated in SI units
4、 are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
5、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasion
6、 resistance, nresistance against the act ofscraping, smudging, or rubbing off.3.1.2 abrasiveness, nthe degree to which a product tendsto cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping.3.1.3 receptor, nfilm or paper of standard abrasivenessonto which material removed from the specimen is depositedd
7、uring the abrasion testing process. Alternatively, printed paperfrom which material is removed onto the specimen that has ahigher degree of abrasiveness than the receptor (in case oftesting abrasiveness).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test print and a receptor are sandwiched in the panelholder of
8、the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester,clamped together with a known force, and made to slide overeach other at a known frequency and over a known distance fora predetermined time period.4.2 The test specimen is examined for degree of printdegradation and the receptor for amount of ink or othermat
9、erial transferred from the specimen surface. Results may berated relative to a comparative control run in the identicalmanner, or they may be quantified by comparison to a rankingscale numbered from zero to ten (zero being the most abrasionresistant and ten the least abrasion resistant).5. Significa
10、nce and Use5.1 Abrasion resistance during transport and storage isessential to prevent marring of type matter, designs, or protec-tive coatings on the exterior of labels and other printedmaterials. Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasionoccurring in the field depends on relative humidity, tem
11、pera-ture, tightness of packing, and a host of other variables, this testmethod provides a rapid means for comparing the abrasionresistance of test surfaces under laboratory conditions. It isuseful for specification acceptance between the supplier andthe customer.5.2 This test method can also be use
12、d to evaluate the relativeabrasion resistance of printed inks, varnishes, laminates andsubstrates, and the abrasiveness of inks.6. Apparatus6.1 GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester.36.2 Ranking Book,3containing specimens whose degree ofruboff is ranked from 0 (no ruboff) to + 10 (most ruboff).7. Mat
13、erials7.1 Standard Receptors, approximately 102 by 114 mm (4by 412 in.), of an appropriate grade, as follows:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing
14、Inks.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 5181 91 (1997)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS
15、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Gavarti Assoc., Ltd., 9240 N. Sleepy Hollow Lane, Milwaukee, WI 53217. If youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provi
16、de this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
17、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.1.1 C-13(least abrasive)Glossy coated paper suitablefor use with samples of low abrasion resistance.7.1.2 A-1, A-3, and A-4 (intermediate abrasiveness)Imperial lapping film with aluminum oxide abrasive particlesof different sizes (9, 12, an
18、d 30 m, respectively).7.1.3 A-6 (most abrasive), wet or dry, tri-um-ite 600.7.1.4 B-23(intermediate abrasion resistance)Printedsingle color paper suitable for measuring abrasiveness ofsamples of average abrasiveness (corrugated).NOTE 1Other receptors may be substituted provided they have equalabrasi
19、veness on the same test specimens. Further research and experiencemay indicate a need for additional grades of standard receptors.7.2 Foam Sheeting,32 pieces, each approximately 2 mm inthickness and cut to 102 by 114 mm (4 by 412 in.).NOTE 2Use of foam sheeting as a backing for the test specimen and
20、the receptor is recommended to provide uniform pressure over the testsurfaces and to prevent ink, varnish, or other particles from becomingimbedded in the sensitive surface of the panel holders.7.3 Comparative Control, a production or laboratory printpreferably having known abrasion resistance. The
21、comparativecontrol must have the same substrate, color(s), and subjectmatter as the test print.8. Test Specimen and Conditioning8.1 The specimen size in the grain direction (or flute in thecase of corrugated board) must not exceed 114 mm (412 in.).The specimen size in the cross-grain direction is le
22、ss critical;102 mm (4 in.) is recommended. Care should be taken to avoidcontaminating the test surface with fingerprints during speci-men cutting and handling.8.2 Condition the specimens at 23 6 2C (73.5 6 3.6F)and 50 6 5 % relative humidity in accordance with Specifica-tion E 171.9. Preparation of
23、Apparatus9.1 Set the abrasion tester on a sturdy bench, preferably ina room conditioned at the temperature and relative humidityprescribed in 8.2. Make sure that the three-prong power cord iscorrectly connected.9.2 Periodically, check the liquid level in the hydraulicpressure system. If not full, fo
24、llow the instructions in themanufacturers manual.9.3 If test conditions have not been specified, select anappropriate receptor by running the reference standard for thelength of time required to achieve a visible level of degrada-tion. Start with receptor C-1 (7.1.1). If the test time exceeds 2min,
25、use a receptor with a higher level of abrasiveness.NOTE 3Excessively long rubbing times are to be avoided becausethey introduce uncontrollable heat development that can alter the results.10. Procedure for Abrasion Testing10.1 Loading the Instrument:10.1.1 Move the tray containing the four panel hold
26、ers tothe front black support shelf. Make sure that the inscribed “L”appears on the upper left side of the left panel holder and the“R” in the upper right side of the right panel holder (see Fig. 1).There should be space of at least12 in. between the two centerpanel holders.10.1.2 Face the test spec
27、imen on the receptor (selected in9.3) and sandwich between the foam sheets. Place the sand-wich between the two center panel holders so that the graindirection of the specimen is vertical. Take care that thesandwich does not extend below the bottom of the panelholders.10.1.3 Push the four panel hold
28、ers together into an uprightparallel position. Make sure that the sandwich is not pinched atthe bottom of the panel holders; otherwise, it will tend to slidedown during the test. Grab the pins and move the tray insidethe instrument so that the two retaining pins drop into thecarriage holes. If the p
29、ins do not drop into their respectiveholes, recenter the panel holders on the sample tray.10.1.4 Apply side pressure by turning the lower blackspindle until the corresponding dial reads 20 pounds per squareinch (psi). Do not apply top pressure at this time.10.1.5 The carriage inside the instrument i
30、s meant to movebetween two limit switches (used for centering) approximately50.8 mm (2 in.) apart. If the carriage is not situated betweenthese limits, manually center the carriage.10.2 Testing Under the Preset Mode:10.2.1 Turn the power switch on by pressing the upper sideof the flip switch at the
31、right side of the instrument.10.2.2 After the control box window (LCD) displays “GA-CAT ready,” press CNTR; the LCD will read “check limits” tomake sure the carriage is within the range of the limit switches.Press CNTR again and the LCD will read “release toppressure.” Press CNTR once more and the c
32、arriage will moveto the extreme right (limit switch) and then back to stop exactlyin the center. At this point, the LCD will show that the carriagehas been centered by showing a flashing square after “GA-CATREADY.”10.2.3 After the instrument is centered, apply the toppressure of 40 psi.10.2.4 Push t
33、he “STRT” button. The LCD will read “com-puting” and after 3 s, the instrument will run under thefollowing default values:Time 5.0 sFrequency 2.0 HzSpan 1.0 in.Offset 0.0 in.10.2.5 When the instrument stops, release the top pressure,making sure that the top pressure plate is high enough to clearFIG.
34、 1 Panel HoldersD5181042the panel holders. Push CNTR to re-center the carriage.Release the side pressure and pull the panel holders out of thecarriage. Remove the sandwich and examine the test specimenand the receptor.10.2.6 To continue running the test with the same settings,reload the instrument a
35、s in 10.1, apply the top pressure as in10.2.3, and push STRT. When the instrument stops, follow theprocedure in 10.2.5. Turn the switch off only at the conclusionof testing.10.3 Changing the Default Values:10.3.1 The default values may be changed to any of thefollowing settings:Time Continuous from
36、1 to 3600 sFrequency 0.2 to 3.0 Hz (cycles per s) with a resolution of 0.1HzSpan 0.1 to 1.9 in. with a resolution of 0.1 in.Offset 0.1 to 0.4 in. (increments of 0.1 in.)10.3.2 In order to change a setting, press the “mode” buttonuntil the LCD displays the default value to be altered. Enter thenew va
37、lue on the number buttons and then press “enter.” TheLCD will read “new value?” If the value is correct, press“enter” a second time. If incorrect, enter another value or press“clear” and start over again.NOTE 4The instrument reverts to the original default values bypressing “reset” and any time the
38、instrument is turned off.10.3.3 When running thick samples such as corrugatedmaterial, follow the procedure in 10.1 through 10.2.1. If thecenter of the panel holders is not aligned with the center markof the carriage, use the “offset” mode. Press the “mode” buttonuntil “offset” appears and then ente
39、r the new setting. A settingof 0.1 or 0.2 is recommended. An additional adjustment foroverall width of the panel holders may also be necessary byremoving one or two black separators.10.3.4 Proceed further as in 10.2.2 until 10.2.6.11. Interpretation of Results11.1 Run the test material and the compa
40、rative control in theidentical manner. Examine each print for degree of degradationand each receptor for amount of material transferred from theprint. Report results for abrasion relative to the comparativecontrol as equal, slightly or appreciably less, or slightly orappreciably greater.11.2 A numer
41、ical record of degree of abrasion ranging fromzero to ten can be obtained from a comparison of the testspecimen with examples in the Ranking Book (6.2).12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this testmethod was conducted in which operators in 17 laboratoriestested six prints
42、 in triplicate on each of two days. The printsconsisted of three density levels of two different colors andwere ranked for abrasion resistance from 1.0 to 4.0. Thewithin-laboratory pooled standard deviation was 0.54 at 15 dfand the between-laboratories pooled standard deviation was0.58 at 18 df. Bas
43、ed on statistical analysis of the results, thefollowing criteria should be used for judging the acceptabilityof results at the 95 % confidence level:12.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of twodeterminations obtained by the same operator on differentdays, should be considered suspect if the
44、y differ by more than1.5 ranking units.12.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of re-sults obtained on different days by operators in differentlaboratories, should be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 2.2 ranking units.12.2 BiasBias cannot be determined as there are nostandard m
45、aterials.13. Keywords13.1 abrasion; abrasiveness; printed matter; printing inks;smudgingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 5181 91 (1997)e1) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Second sentence added to 1.2.
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47、 entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standar
48、dsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committ
49、ee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5181043
