1、Designation: D5784/D5784M 13D5784/D5784M 18Standard Guide forUse of Hollow-Stem Augers for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityWater Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5784/D5784M; the number immediately following t
2、he designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers how
3、hollow-stem auger-drilling systems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installationof subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices.1.2 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring device installations often involves safetyplanning, administrati
4、on, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to b
5、e regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of
6、the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collec
7、tion of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is
8、not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has
9、 been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the
10、 World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Spl
11、it-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification Syste
12、m)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Desi
13、gn and Construction1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013June 1, 2018. Published October 2013July 2018. Originally approve
14、d in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20062013 asD5784 95 (2006).D5784 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5784_D5784M-13.10.1520/D5784_D5784M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume info
15、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately d
16、epict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internat
17、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring WellsD5099 T
18、est Methods for RubberMeasurement of Processing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD5521 Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Granular AquifersD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Ex
19、ploration and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms, refer to Terminology D653.3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general termsused within this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common
20、name for drilling fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturallyoccurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly shaped particles of bentonite (free from addi
21、tives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water-quality analysis).3.2.4 continuous-sampling devicesb
22、arrel-type samplers that fit within the lead auger of the hollow-auger column. The samplerbarrel fills with material as the augers advance.3.2.5 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole or boring.3.2.6 drawworksa power-driven winch, or sev
23、eral winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingor lowering a drilling string.3.2.7 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations.The gravelpack is usually granular material, having specified grain-size c
24、haracteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to natural development or, (2) act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for
25、natural development.3.2.7.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.8 fluid-injection devicesusually consist of various auger components or drill-rig attachments that may be used to inject afluid within a hol
26、low-auger column during drilling.3.2.9 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.10 in situ testing devicessensors or probes, used to obtain mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated, or driven below the bottom
27、 of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in situ testingdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and and so forth) may require lowering and settingof the device(s) in a preexisting borehole by means of a suspension line
28、or a string of lowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may berequired to correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.11 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-type samplers that may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the bottom ofa borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to low
29、er, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an incrementof drilling. The user is referred to the followingASTM standards relating to suggested sampling methods and procedures: PracticeD1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.3.2.12 mastor derrick, on a drilling ri
30、g is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, andso forth. It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the diameterand depth for which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.12.1 Discus
31、sionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.2.13 subsurface water-quality monitoring device an instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysesof the chemical,
32、 biological, or radiological characteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measurements.D5784/D5784M 1824. Significance and Use4.1 Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration (Practice D3550, Test MethodD4428/D4428M) and for installation of subsurf
33、ace water-quality water quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated materi-als.sediment. Hollow-stem auger drilling may be selected over other methods based on the advantages over other methods. Theseadvantages include: the ability to drill without the addition of drilling fluid(s) to the subsurfac
34、e, and hole stability for samplingpurposes (see Test Method D1586 and Practices D1587, D2487, D2488, and D6151) and monitor-well monitoring wellconstruction in unconsolidated to poorly indurated materials. This drilling method is generally restricted to the drilling of shallow,unconsolidated materia
35、lssediment or softer rocks. The hollow-stem drilling method is a favorable method to be used for obtainingcores and samples and for the installation of monitoring devices in many, but not allevery geologic environments. environment.NOTE 2In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger drilling m
36、ethod can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-device monitoringdevice installations without the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, in cases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, theaddition of water or drilling mud to the hollow-auger column may become nece
37、ssary to inhibit the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers.These drilling conditions, if encountered, should be documented.4.1.1 The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenvironmental exploration may involve groundwater and soil sampling,in-situ in situ or pore-fluid testing, or ut
38、ilization of the hollow-auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities inunconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test Method D2113).NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the same auger borehole wherein sampling or in-situ in situ or pore-fluid testing wasperformed.4.1.
39、2 The hollow-stem auger column may be used as a temporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-quality waterquality monitoring device. The monitoring device is usually installed as the hollow-auger column is removed from the borehole.4.2 The subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring
40、 devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of ascreened or porous intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intakeunit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infil
41、tration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a A piezometer is primarily a device used formeasuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality water quality monitoring device shouldbe made only after
42、consideration of the overall quality and integrity of the installation, to include the quality of materials that willcontact sampled water or gas.NOTE 4Both water-quality water quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfillsto dete
43、r the movement of fluids between hydrologic units.NOTE 5The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally consider
44、ed capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. testing/sampling/evaluation/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 doesnot in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means
45、 of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Each auger section of the hollow-stem auger-column assembly consists of a cylindrical tube with continuous helicalflighting rigidly attached to the outer surface of the tube (see Fig. 1). The hollow-auger section has a coupling at each end foratta
46、chment of a hollow-auger head to the bottom end of the lead auger section and for attachment of additional auger sections atthe top end to make up the articulated hollow-stem auger column.NOTE 6The inside diameter of the hollow-stem auger column is usually selected to provide an opening large enough
47、 for insertion ofmonitoring-device components such as the screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremie pipe. When media sampling isrequired,needed, the optimum opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler or core barrel. When a monitoring device is in
48、stalled, theannular opening should provide easy insertion of a pipe with an inside diameter large enough for placing completion materials adjacent to the riser.5.1.1 Hollow-Auger Head, attached to the lead auger of the hollow-auger column and usually contains replaceable,abrasion-resistant cutters o
49、r teeth (see Fig. 1).As the hollow-auger head is rotated, it cuts and directs the cuttings to the auger flightswhich convey the cuttings to the surface.5.1.2 Auger-Drive Assembly, attaches to the uppermost hollow-auger section and transfers rotary power and axial force from thedrill rig to the auger-column assembly.5.1.3 Pilot Assembly, may consist of: (1) an auger head aperture-plugging device with or without a center cutting head, or (2)a sampling device that is used to sample simultaneously with advancement of the auger column.5.1.4 Auxiliary Component
