1、Designation: D5876 95 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Guide forUse of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement DrillingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installationof Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5876; the number immediately
2、 following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial correcti
3、ons were made throughout in February 2012.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotarycasing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may beused for geoenvironmental exploration and installation ofsubsurface water-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term “direct” with res
4、pect to the rotary drilling method ofthis guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injectedthrough a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or aircools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulusbetween the drill rod column and the boreho
5、le wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluidrotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used todescribe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the centerpilot bit or core barrel assemblies may
6、be removed and thelarge inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casingfor testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guideaddresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod(casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit withapplication of static downforce to aid
7、 in the cutting process.1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wirelinedrilling configurations. General borehole advancement may beperformed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or dragbit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the materialmay be continuously or increment
8、ally sampled by replacing thepilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring eitherrock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordancewith Practice D2113.1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparenthes
9、es are for information only.1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenviron-mental exploration will often involve safety planning,administration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-port to specifically address exploration and site safety.1.6 This standard does not purport to addre
10、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of informati
11、onor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repr
12、e-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthroug
13、h the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-W
14、alled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site Investigation1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Invest
15、igations.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5876 95 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D5876-95R12E1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
16、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Driv
17、e Sampling of SoilsD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection TestD4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using P
18、ressure Pulse TechniqueD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Process-ing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotar
19、y Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explorationand the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-ing Devices3. Terminolog
20、y3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsin this standard, refer to Terminology D6533.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite.
21、Some bentonite productshave chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater-quality analysis).3.2.3 cleanout d
22、epththe depth to which the end of the drillstring (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it isreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft(0.0
23、3 m).3.2.4 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.5 drill holea
24、 cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.6 drill stringthe complete rotary drilling assemblyunder rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, andconnector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assemblyis used to det
25、ermine drilling depth by referencing the positionof the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.7 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having selectedgrain-size cha
26、racteristics, that is placed between a monitoringdevice and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filterpack or gravel envelope is to act as: a nonclogging filter whenthe aquifer is not suited to natural development or, as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopme
27、nt.3.2.7.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances, a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, aprepacked screen may be used.3.2.8 head spaceon a double- or triple-tube wireline corebarrel it is the spacing adjustment made between the pilot-shoeleading edge and the inner kerf of the out
28、er-tube cutting bit.Spacing should be about116 in. or roughly, the thickness of amatchbook. (The head-space adjustment is made by removingthe inner-barrel assembly, loosening the lock nut on thehanger-bearing shaft and either tightening or loosening thethreaded shaft until the inner barrel is moved
29、the necessarydistance, up or down, to obtain the correct setting. Reassemblethe inner- and outer-barrel assemblies, attach the barrel to thedrill rod or a wireline and suspend vertically allowing theinner-barrel assembly to hang freely inside the outer barrel onthe inner hanger-bearing assembly. Che
30、ck the head space. It isimperative that the adjustment is correct to ensure that the innerbarrel is free to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. Ifincorrectly adjusted, the inner barrel will hang up” and rotatewith the outer barrel as the core is being cut. This will cause thecore to break an
31、d block entry of core into the inner barrel.)3.2.9 grout shoea drillable plug” containing a checkvalve that is positioned within the lowermost section of acasing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fillthe annular space between the casing and the borehole wall oranother casing.3.2.9
32、.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillableplug” should be known and documented.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annularplug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positionedimmediately above the discharge end of the pipe.3.2.11 intermittent sampling devicesusually barrel-typesam
33、plers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of aborehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower,drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of anincrement of drilling. The user is referred to the followingstandards relating to suggested sampling methods and proce-dures: Pra
34、ctice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550,and Practice D1587.3.2.12 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However
35、,some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in preexistingboreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
36、position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.13 lead distancethe mechanically adjusted length ordistance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set to extendbeyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to minimizeD5876 95 (2012)12possible core-erosion damage that can be caused by thecirculating dr
37、illing-fluid media. Lead distance is checked byvertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from awireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrelcan hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly.The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cuttingbit can
38、 then be checked. The stiffer” or more competent theformation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrelcutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion.3.2.14 overshota latching mechanism located at the end ofthe hoisting line. It is specially designed to latch onto or releasepilot bit
39、or core-barrel assemblies.3.2.15 pilot bit assemblydesign to lock into the endsection of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The pilot bitcan be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types. The bitcan be set to protrude from the rod coring bit depending onformation conditions.3.2.16 suba su
40、bstitute or adaptor used to connect fromone size or type of threaded drill rod or tool connection toanother.3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring device an in-strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-istics of sub
41、surface pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.3.2.18 wireline drillinga rotary drilling process whichuses special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or loweredinside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-nism.4
42、. Summary of Practice4.1 Wireline drilling is a rotary drilling process that usesspecial enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or loweredinside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-nism. The bottom section of rod has e
43、ither a diamond orcarbide coring bit at the end and is specially machined toaccommodate latching of either pilot bits or core barrels. Theovershot mechanism is designed to latch and unlatch bit orbarrel assemblies. Bit cutting is accomplished by application ofthe combination rotary and static down f
44、orces to the bit.General drill-hole advancement may be performed withoutsampling by using either a pilot roller cone or drag bit until thedesired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may becontinuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilotbit with a core-barrel assembly designed for
45、 coring either rockor soil.4.2 The pilot bit or core barrel can be inserted or removed atany time during the drilling process and the large insidediameter rods can act as a temporary casing for testing orinstallation of monitoring devices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be
46、 used in support ofgeoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsur-face monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consoli-dated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to awide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated m
47、aterials aslong as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the addedbenefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protectivecasing. Wireline coring does not require
48、tripping in and out ofthe hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need onlybe removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if theinner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for usewith circulating air under pressure for sampling w
49、ater-sensitivematerials where fluid exposure may alter the core or incavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2).3Severaladvantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over othermethods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly throughconsolidated materials and, in many instances, not require theintroduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotarydrilling techniques are usually employed to advance theborehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sand-stones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-b
