1、Designation: D6859 11Standard Test Method forPile Thickness of Finished Level Pile Yarn Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of pilethickness of finished level pile yarn floor covering using athickness measuri
3、ng instrument having a stationary surface(platen), a circular pressure foot under specified force, andcapable of being moved vertically above the platen.1.2 This test method is applicable only to finished levelloop, cutpile and cut one 1.000 60.001 in. (25.40 6 0.03 mm) diameter, the other 2.250 6 0
4、.001in. (57.15 6 0.003 mm) in diameter.7.2.3 Having means for indicating the vertical distancebetween the presser foot and the plate to the nearest 0.001 in.(0.03 mm) and capable of developing and indicating a force upto 0.6 lbf (2.77 n) between the presser foot and the plate.8. Conditioning8.1 Cond
5、ition the test sample or test specimens in thestandard atmosphere for testing textiles, that is 70 6 2F (21 61C) at 65 6 2 % relative humidity, 12 h or until the masschanges no more than 0.1 % in2hasdirected in PracticeD1776.9. Procedure9.1 Total Thickness:9.1.1 Select the number and location of the
6、 test specimensas directed in Section 6. Prepare the test specimens accordingto the procedures listed in Section 8. The test specimens shallbe 10.0 6 0.1 in. (250 6 3 mm) in the lengthwise direction and12.5 6 0.1 in. (320 6 3 mm) in the widthwise direction. Thetest specimens may be prepared accordin
7、g to the examples inAppendix X1.9.1.2 Select a strip specimen from each of the test speci-mens. The strip specimens shall be 10.0 6 0.1 in. (250 6 3mm) in the lengthwise direction and 2.5 6 0.1 in. (64 6 3 mm)in the widthwise direction and shall be conditioned as directedin Section 8.9.1.3 Attach th
8、e 2.250 in. (57.15 mm) diameter presser footloosely to the moveable stem or head of the instrument andbring the diameter presser foot into firm contact with the plate.Tighten the presser foot on the stem.9.1.4 Check the instrument zero by lowering the presser footinto contact with the plate until th
9、e indicated pressure increasesto the pressure to be used in measuring the indicated distancebetween the foot and the plate, which must read 0 6 0.001 in.(6 0.03 mm). If the reading is not within this range, make anadjustment appropriate to the type of instrument being used.Verify the instrument with
10、 calibrated thickness blocks.9.1.5 For each strip specimen, raise the presser foot andcenter the specimen, pile face up, on the plate under the foot.Lower the presser foot slowly (take about 5 s to apply full load)onto the pile surface until a pressure of 0.100 6 0.003 psi (6896 21 Pa) is exerted on
11、 the specimen. Read the distancebetween the presser foot and the plate to the nearest 0.001 in.(0.03 mm), determine the total thickness in three different areasfor each strip specimen and record the average as the totalthickness, T.9.1.6 Shear the pile on the strip specimen down to a stubblemeasurin
12、g approximately 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).NOTE 2Both adhesive projections and a fiber layer needle punched tothe surface of the backing can interfere with shearing the pile down to astubble of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). Therefore, a seven and one half fold increasein pressure in measuring the thickness of the stubb
13、le specimen is used tolevel out minor variations in stubble height.D6859 1129.2 Backing Thickness:9.2.1 Attach the 1.000 in. (25.40 mm) diameter presser footloosely to the stem and bring the presser foot into firm contactwith the plate. Tighten the presser foot on the stem. Check theinstrument zero
14、as directed in 9.1.4.9.2.2 For each stubble specimen, raise the presser foot andcenter the specimen, stubble side up, on the plate. Lower thepresser foot onto the stubble surface until a pressure of 0.75 60.01 psi (5170 6 69 Pa) is exerted on the stubble specimen.Read the distance between the presse
15、r foot and the plate to thenearest 0.01 in. (0.03 mm), determine the backing thickness inthree different areas for of each strip specimen and record theaverage as the backing thickness, B.10. Calculation10.1 A test result is the average of the measurements madeon a set of test specimens described in
16、 6.4. In this method,directions are given only for obtaining a test result from onetest specimen. The value representative of the lot beingsampled will be the average of the test results from eachlaboratory sampling unit.10.2 For each strip specimen calculate the pile thicknessusing Eq 1.P 5 T 2 B (
17、1)where:P = pile thickness, in. (mm),T = average total thickness, in. (mm), andB = average backing thickness, in. (mm).10.2.1 Calculate the average values of pile thickness andtotal thickness from average values obtained on individual stripspecimens to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.03 mm) for each laborat
18、orysampling unit.10.3 Calculate the average values of pile thickness and totalthickness for the lot from average values obtained from alllaboratory sampling units in the lot to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3mm).11. Report11.1 State the test sample was tested as directed in TestMethod D6859 for determinin
19、g the pile thickness of level pileyarn floor covering. Describe the material or product sampledand the method of sampling used.11.2 Report the average pile thickness and when required,total thickness, for each laboratory sampling unit and for thelot.12. Precision and Bias12.1 SummaryIn comparing two
20、 averages, the differencesshould not exceed the single-operator precision values shownin Tables 1 and 2 for the respective number of tests in 95 outof 100 cases when all the observations are taken by the samewell-trained operator using the same piece of equipment andspecimens randomly drawn from the
21、 sample of material.Larger differences are likely to occur under all other circum-stances.12.2 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 2000 in which randomly drawn samples of fourmaterials were tested in each of five laboratories. One operatorin each laboratory each tested two spe
22、cimens of each materialusing Test Method D6859. One of the two specimens wastested on one day and one specimen was tested on a secondday. Analysis of the data was conducted using standardstatistical practice. The components of variance for Pile Thick-ness expressed as standard deviations were calcul
23、ated to thevalues listed in Table 1. The material; types were:Material A: 1/10 Gauge Level LoopMaterial B: 1/10 Gauge Level LoopMaterial C: 1/10 Gauge Cut PileMaterial D: 1/10 Gauge Cut Pile Graphics12.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported inTable 1, two averages of observed values shou
24、ld be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals the critical difference listed in Tables 2 and 3.There were sufficient differences related to the material typeand structure to warrant listing the components of variance andthe critical differences separat
25、ely.NOTE 3The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, betweenthem must be e
26、stablished, with each comparison being based on recentdata obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material to the type beingevaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and thenrandomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.12.4 BiasThe value of pile thickness can only
27、be definedin terms of a test method. Within this limitation, Test MethodD6859 has no known bias.13. Keywords13.1 carpet; pile height; pile thickness; pile yarn floorcovering; tuft heightTABLE 1 Components of Variance Expressed as StandardDeviationsAVarianceComponentSingle MaterialComparisons forLoop
28、 Pile CarpetSingle MaterialComparisons forCut Pile CarpetWithin Laboratory 0.002 0.005Between Laboratory 0.011 0.006AThe square roots of the components of variance are being reported to expressthe variability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as the squares ofthose units of measure.TAB
29、LE 2 Critical Differences for Two Averages for theConditions Noted, 95 % Probability Level, Pile Thickness inInches for Loop Pile CarpetNumber ofDeterminationsSingle Material ComparisonsWithin LaboratoryPrecisionBetween LaboratoryPrecision1 0.0056 0.02992 0.0040 0.02963 0.0033 0.02955 0.0025 0.0294D
30、6859 113ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. CLARIFICATION OF PILE HEIGHT, PILE THICKNESS, AND TUFT HEIGHTA1.1 IntroductionA1.1.1 Confusion sometimes arises in specifying and test-ing pile yarn floor coverings due to the similarity of theterminology describing these distinctly different methods ofmeasuri
31、ng the height of the pile in relation to the backing. Eachmethod has a specific purpose and yields different data. Theycannot be compared or interchanged. Problems occur whenspecifications are written using pile height and the testinglaboratory reports pile thickness or tuft height, which may beappr
32、opriate for the particular product. Measuring pile thicknessor tuft height of a typical loop pile carpet by either procedurewill yield a difference in the range of 30 to 40 % from the pileheight measurement.A1.2 Pile HeightA1.2.1 Pile height is typically used generically by thelayman and by manufact
33、uring personnel in setting machinery.A1.2.2 Pile height is measured by inserting a small gradu-ated ruler into the pile down to the backing and reading theoverall height of the pile. This procedure is subject to signifi-cant variability between technicians and is therefore used onlyfor rough field w
34、ork and in machinery settings during themanufacturing process and shall not be used for acceptancetesting.A1.3 Pile ThicknessA1.3.1 Pile thickness is a technical term used to describe themeasurement of thickness of pile yarn which can be shearedfrom the backing of a carpet.A1.3.2 Pile thickness is t
35、he preferred procedure for preci-sion measurement of level pile carpets, whether loop, cut andloop or cut pile carpets with a tuft height of less than 0.25 in.(6 mm). Although it is more complex, it is very repeatablebetween different technicians and laboratories. It involves theuse of a thickness m
36、easuring instrument which measuresthickness of materials between a platen and a circular foot ofspecified area under a specified force. In measuring carpet withthis device, the total thickness of pile and backing is measured,the pile sheared away, and the backing only measured. Pilethickness is the
37、difference between the two values. Theprocedure is complicated by remaining stubble which cannotbe sheared.A1.4 Tuft HeightA1.4.1 Tuft height, as described in this test method, is alaboratory procedure typically used for cut pile constructions,which is very repeatable. Ten tufts are severed from the
38、backing with a cutting device, placed into a V-shaped groove ina specimen holder, covered with a clear plate, and measuredwith a precision scale.A1.4.2 Tuft height is not applicable to cut pile constructionswith tuft heights less than 0.25 in. (6 mm) due to the problemsassociated with mounting a tuf
39、t of this length in the groovedspecimen holder. For this construction, pile thickness shall beperformed. Refer to Test Method D5823.TABLE 3 Critical Differences for Two Averages for theConditions Noted 95 % Probability Level, Pile Thickness inInches for Cut Pile CarpetNumber ofDeterminationsSingle M
40、aterial ComparisonsWithin LaboratoryPrecision CDBetween LaboratoryPrecision CD1 0.0131 0.02082 0.0093 0.01863 0.0076 0.01775 0.0059 0.0172D6859 114APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PREPARING SPECIMENS OF MEASURED AREAX1.1 Three procedures for obtaining specimens of mea-sured area may be used. Th
41、e following procedures are distin-guished by the apparatus employed. The choice of proceduredepends primarily on the cost of preparing specimens.X1.2 Procedure No. 1:X1.2.1 Scale or Tape, metal, graduated in 0.01 in. (2 mm),and at least 10 % longer than the test specimen dimensions.X1.2.2 Pen, felt
42、tip.X1.2.3 Straight Edge, steel, 0.06 to 0.08 in. (1.5 to 2.0 mm)thick, at least 10 % longer than the test specimen dimensions,and having a row of pins projecting approximately 0.15 in. (3.8mm) from one face at intervals of approximately 2.0 in. (50mm) along its centerline.X1.2.4 Razor Knife, having
43、 a blade about 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)thick.X1.2.5 Scissors, sharp.X1.3 Test Specimen Cutting:X1.3.1 Place the test sample pile down on a flat surface,measure and mark the boundaries of the test specimens on theback using the scale, straight edge, and pen.X1.3.2 Cut just through the backing with the razor
44、 knifeguided by the straight edge, following the ink markings. Holdthe plane of the razor knife perpendicular to the back of the testsample. Separate each test specimen from the test sample usingscissors to cut away loops connected to the remainder of thetest sample.X1.4 Procedure No 2:X1.4.1 Appara
45、tus:X1.4.1.1 Template, steel, 0.06 to 0.08 in. (1.5 to 2.0 mm)thick, having dimensions 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) less than the testspecimen dimensions specified in the test method, and havinga pin projecting approximately 0.15 in. (3.8 mm) from one facein each corner 0.25 in. (6 mm) in from the sides of the
46、 corner.Two such templates are illustrated in Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.X1.4.1.2 Razor Knife, having a blade about 0.02 in. (0.5mm) thick.X1.4.1.3 Scissors, sharp.X1.4.2 Test Specimen Cutting:X1.4.2.1 Place the conditioned sample face down on a flatsurface. Place the template on the back of the test sampl
47、e.X1.4.2.2 Cut just through the backing with the razor knifeguided by the edge of the template. Hold the plane of the razorknife perpendicular to the back of the test sample. Separate thetest specimen from the test specimen using scissors to cut awayloops connected to the remainder of the sample.X1.
48、4.3 Procedure No. 3:X1.4.3.1 Apparatus:X1.4.3.1.1 Clicking Dye, steel, having dimensions specifiedin test method.X1.4.3.1.2 Die Clicking Machine, with cutting block.X1.4.3.2 Calibration of Clicking DieAfter each sharpen-ing, die cut a piece of cardboard and measure the dimensionsof the specimen. The
49、 area computed from these dimensionsshould be within 1 % of the area specified in the test method.X1.4.4 Test Specimen Cutting:X1.4.4.1 Place the sample pile side up on the cutting blockof the clicking machine. Brush pile surface by hand toward themiddle of the area to be included in the specimen.X1.4.4.2 Place the die on the face of the test sample with thelonger sides parallel to the lengthwise direction of the floorcovering, unless otherwise specified in the test method.X1.4.4.3 Activate the clicking machine, remove the testsample remnant from around the die. Remove the sp
