1、Designation: E284 12E284 13Standard Terminology ofAppearance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、 year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAppearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance inmany arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are
3、used in a wide range of ASTMstandards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. Thepurpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition
4、 reports existing usage,whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard aretaken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leade
5、rship in usage.Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (seeReferences), as well as otherASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in thisterminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, p
6、recision,and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement andspecification of appearance.Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appe
7、arance, including but not limited to color, gloss,opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visualdisplay units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standar
8、d include important termsand definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in commonuse and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (14)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries showmultiple definitions a
9、nd it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fieldshas been noted.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewar
10、es and Related ProductsC286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal SystemsC460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement (Withdrawn 2001)4D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and ApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petro
11、leum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2013. Publishe
12、d August 2012March 2013. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 asE284 09a.E284 12. DOI: 10.1520/E0284-12.10.1520/E0284-13.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of text.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, ww
13、w.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM sta
14、ndard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cas
15、es only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1003 Test Meth
16、od for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent PlasticsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical MicroscopyD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell SystemD1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD1889 Test M
17、ethod for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn 2007)4D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by ReflectometryE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
18、Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of MaterialsE313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE491 Practice for Solar Simul
19、ation for Thermal Balance Testing of SpacecraftE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of RetroreflectorsE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating SpheresE1164 Practice for Obtaini
20、ng Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of MaterialsE2175 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Multiangle SpectrophotometersE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performan
21、ce of Color-Measuring InstrumentsF923 Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Used to Improve Individual Safety (Withdrawn 2006)42.2 Other DocumentsANSI PH2.36 Terms, Symbols, and Notation for Optical Transmission and Reflection Measurement (Optical Density)5CIE Publication No. 51 A Method
22、for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry6ISO 13655 Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Computation for Graphic Arts Images7ISO 3664:2000 Viewing Conditions Graphic Technology and Photography7TAPPI T 452 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (Directional Reflectance at 4
23、57 nm)83. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technicalcommittees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of suchcommittees, is encouraged.3.2
24、 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designationof that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (57) are indicatedsimilarly by placing in parentheses at the end of
25、 the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of itsterminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between thedefinition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two a
26、re identical; B that the given definition is amodification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition wasadded to thi
27、s terminology standard or last revised.3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listingsshould be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard,this sho
28、uld be indicated in that standard.3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation ofthe Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-referencesbetween the
29、old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list allterms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts of angles.3.6 This terminology standard adopts the following usage of certain word endings. The
30、 ending “ion” denotes a process, as inreflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as in reflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of material of whichthe specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Exceptions exist, as in the common use of illumination and radiation to refer toqua
31、ntities as well as processes.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6 Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commission on Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants
32、, Inc., 7 Pond St.,Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.7 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.8 Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15 Tech
33、nology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.E284 1324. Terminology4.1 Definitions:AATCC blue wool lightfastness standards, nstandard dyed-wool samples of seven grades, each step in the series representinga doubling of lightfastness.DISCUSSIONAvailable from the American Association
34、of Textile Chemists and Colorists.abridged spectrophotometry, nthe measurement of reflectance factor or transmittance factor in a number of wavelength bandsrather than as continuous functions of wavelength.DISCUSSIONThe wavelength bands may be isolated by the use of an array of sensors with a disper
35、sing system or by the use of narrow-band filters.absorbance, A,nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the internal transmittance TI.A = log10 (1/TI) = log10TI. (1990)(E131)Babsorptance,absorptance ,nthe ratio of the absorbed radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux. CIEAabsorption, nthe
36、 transformation of radiant energy to a different form of energy by interaction with matter. CIEAabsorption coefficient, ,nmeasure of the absorption of radiant energy from an incident beam (Po) as it traverses an absorbingmedium according to Bouguers law, P = Pooeb, where b is the sample optical path
37、length. (1988) (E131)absorption tinting strength, nrelative change in the absorption properties of a standard white material when a specified amountof an absorbing colorant, black or chromatic, is added to it. (1988a)DISCUSSIONSee the Discussion to masstone.absorptivity, a,nthe absorbance divided by
38、 the product of the concentration, c, of the substance and the sample opticalpathlength, b, a = A/bc. The units of band cshall be specified. (1988) (E131)Baccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result and an accepted reference value. (1993)DISCUSSIONThe qualitative term accuracy, when
39、applied to a set of observed values, will be a combination of a random precision component and a systematic erroror bias component. Since in routine use random components and bias components cannot be completely separated, the reported “accuracy” must beinterpreted as a combination of these two elem
40、ents. See bias, precision.achromatic, adj(1)1) for primary light sources, the computed chromaticity of the equal-energy spectrum. (1995)(2)2) for surface colors, the color of a whitish light, serving as the illuminant, to which adaptation has taken place in thevisual system of the observer. (1995)(3
41、)3 perceived) perceived as having no hue, that is, as white, gray, or black. CIEBAdams color difference, ncolor difference calculated by using the Adams-Nickerson opponent-color equations, based onapplying the Munsell Value function to CIE 1931 tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (1988)additive color mixtur
42、e, nsuperposition or other nondestructive combination of lights of different perceived colors. (1995)additive color stimulus mixture, nmethod of simulation that combines on the retina the actions of various color stimuli in sucha manner that they cannot be perceived individually. (1995a) CIE Aadditi
43、ve primaries,nsame as primary color stimuli.ambient field, nwhen an object or light source is viewed, the complete area beyond the surround from which light might reachthe observers eyes and influence the objects appearance. See surround.American Public Health Association (APHA) color,nsee platinum
44、cobalt color scale.angle,nsee aperture angle, aperture solid angle, azimuthal angle, entrance angle, observation angle, rotation angle,specular angle.angle of illumination, nangle between the specimen normal and the illuminator axis. (1991b)E284 133angle of incidence, nthe angle between a ray imping
45、ing on a surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface at that point.In the description of a beam, the angle of incidence of the ray at the center of the beam.angle of reflection, nthe angle between a ray reflected from a surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface at that poin
46、t.angle of view, nangle between the normal to the surface of the specimen and the axis of the receiver. (1988a)receiver and(1988a); see also viewing angle (2). (2013)angle, rotation,nsee rotation angle.angular subtense, nvisual, the angle subtended (by an object) at the first nodal point of the eye.
47、annular, adjdescriptor for directional illuminating (or viewing) geometry in which the illuminator provides radiation (or thereceiver possesses responsivity) that is distributed continuously and uniformly throughout the 360 of azimuth of themeasurement. (See also circumferential.) (1989) (E1164)Aano
48、rmal, adjof angles, measured with reference to the normal to the surface. (2008)anormal angle, nthe angle subtended at a point on the specimen by a given ray and the normal. (2009)DISCUSSIONUse the inward normal with transmitted rays; use the outward normal for other rays. In uniplanar instruments,
49、the “point” is the point of incidenceand the anormal angle is understood to have a sign. The anormal angle of an illumination axis is positive or zero. The anormal angle of a detectionaxis is negative if the illumination and detection axes are on opposite sides of the line of the normal and positive or zero otherwise. (E1767)C,(E2175)Caperture angle, 2,nangle subtended at a point on a specimen by the maximum dimension of the illuminator or receiver, withinwhich the flux in a directional beam is contained. (1990)DIS
