ASTM E1847-1996(2013) Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines《根据ASTM导则实施毒性试验的统计分析的标准实施规程》.pdf
《ASTM E1847-1996(2013) Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines《根据ASTM导则实施毒性试验的统计分析的标准实施规程》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM E1847-1996(2013) Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines《根据ASTM导则实施毒性试验的统计分析的标准实施规程》.pdf(10页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: E1847 96 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forStatistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted UnderASTM Guidelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1847; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers guidance for the statistical analysisof laboratory data on the toxicity of chem
3、icals or mixtures ofchemicals to aquatic or terrestrial plants and animals. Thispractice applies only to the analysis of the data, after the testhas been completed.All design concerns, such as the statementof the null hypothesis and its alternative, the choice of alphaand beta risks, the identificat
4、ion of experimental units, possiblepseudo replication, randomization techniques, and the execu-tion of the test are beyond the scope of this practice. Thispractice is not a textbook, nor does it replace consultation witha statistician. It assumes that the investigator recognizes thestructure of his
5、experimental design, has identified the experi-mental units that were used, and understands how the test wasconducted. Given this information, the proper statistical analy-ses can be determined for the data.1.1.1 Recognizing that statistics is a profession in whichresearch continues in order to impr
6、ove methods for performingthe analysis of scientific data, the use of statistical methodsother than those described in this practice is acceptable as longas they are properly documented and scientifically defensible.Additional annexes may be developed in the future to reflectcomments and needs ident
7、ified by users, such as more detaileddiscussion of probit and logistic regression models, or statisti-cal methods for dose response and risk assessment.1.2 The sections of this guide appear as follows:Title SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Statistical Methods 5Flow Cha
8、rt 6Flow Chart Comments 7Keywords 8References1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
9、tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Testswith FishesE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsIEEE
10、/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI):The Modern MetricSystem3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 The following terms are defined according to thereferences noted:3.1.2 analysis of variance (ANOVA)a technique that su
11、b-divides the total variation of a set of data into meaningfulcomponent parts associated with specific sources of variationfor the purpose of testing some hypothesis on the parameters ofthe model or estimating variance components (1).33.1.3 categorical datavariates that take on a limitednumber of di
12、stinct values (2).3.1.4 censored datasome subjects have not experiencedthe event of interest at the end of the study or time of analysis.The exact survival times of these subjects are unknown (3).3.1.5 central limit theoremwhatever the shape of thefrequency distribution of the original populations o
13、f Xs, thefrequency distribution of the mean, in repeated randomsamples of size n tends to become normal as n increases (2).3.1.6 central tendency measurea statistic that measuresthe central location of the sample observations (4).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on Biol
14、ogicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.06 on Technical Services and Support.Current edition approved March 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E184796(2008). DOI:10.1520/E1847-96R13.2Fo
15、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of re
16、ferences at theend of the text.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 concentration-response testingthe quantitative rela-tion between the amount of factor X and the magnitude of theeffect it causes is determined by per
17、forming parallel sets ofoperations with various known amounts, or doses, of the factorand measuring the result, that is called the response (5).3.1.8 continuous dataa variable that can assume a con-tinuum of possible outcomes (4).3.1.9 controlan experiment in which the subjects aretreated as in a pa
18、rallel experiment except for omission of theprocedure or agent under test and that is used as a standard ofcomparison in judging experimental effects (6).3.1.10 dichotomous datavariates that have only 2 mutu-ally exclusive outcomes, binary data, success or failure data(3).3.1.11 dispersion measurea
19、statistic that measures thecloseness of the independent observations within groups, orrelative to a samples central value (4).3.1.12 distributiona set of all the various values thatindividual observations may have and the frequency of theiroccurrence in the sample or population (1).3.1.13 duplicatio
20、nthe execution of a treatment at leasttwice under similar conditions (1).3.1.14 experimental unita portion of the experimentalspace to which a treatment is applied or assigned in theexperiment (1).3.1.15 homogeneitylack of significant differences amongmean squares of an analysis (2).3.1.16 hypothesi
21、s testa decision rule (strategy, recipe)which, on the basis of the sample observations, either acceptsor rejects the null hypothesis (4).3.1.17 independencehaving the property that the jointprobability (as of all events or samples) or the joint probabilitydensity function (as of random variables) eq
22、uals the product ofthe probabilities or probability density functions of separateoccurrence (6).3.1.18 meana measure of central tendency or location thatis the sum of the observations divided by the number ofobservations (1).3.1.19 modelan equation that is intended to provide afunctional description
23、 of the sources of information which maybe obtained from an experiment (1).3.1.20 nonparametric statistica statistic which has certaindesirable properties that hold under relatively mild assump-tions regarding the underlying populations (4).3.1.21 normalityhaving the characteristics of a normaldistr
24、ibution (2).3.1.22 outlieran outlying observation is one that appearsto deviate markedly from other members of the sample inwhich it occurs (see Practice E178).3.1.23 parametric statistica statistic that estimates anunknown constant associated with a population (4).3.1.24 probit logitwhen the respon
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