1、Designation: F1355 06 (Reapproved 2014) An American National StandardStandard Guide forIrradiation of Fresh Agricultural Produce as a PhytosanitaryTreatment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this guide is to present information on the use of ionizin
3、g energy (radiation) intreating fresh agricultural produce to control insects and other arthropod pests, in order to meetphytosanitary requirements.This guide is intended to serve as a recommendation to be followed when using irradiationtechnology where approved by an appropriate regulatory authorit
4、y. It is not to be construed as arequirement for the use of irradiation nor as a required code of practice. While the use of irradiationinvolves certain essential requirements to attain the objective of the treatment, some parameters canbe varied in optimizing the process.This guide has been prepare
5、d from a Code of Good Irradiation Practice published by theInternational Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI), under the auspices of the Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the InternationalAtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA). (1)21. Scope1.1 This guide
6、provides procedures for the radiation pro-cessing of fresh agricultural produce, for example, fruits,vegetables, and cut flowers, as a phytosanitary treatment. Thisguide is directed primarily toward the treatment needed tocontrol regulated pests commonly associated with fresh agri-cultural produce.1
7、.2 The typical absorbed dose range used for phytosanitarytreatments is between 150 gray (Gy) and 600 gray (Gy). Thepractical minimum or maximum dose of a treatment may behigher or lower than this range, depending on the type of pestto be controlled and the radiation tolerance of a particular typeof
8、fruit. If the minimum effective dose necessary to achieve thedesired phytosanitary effect is greater than the radiation toler-ance of the produce, then irradiation is not an appropriatetreatment (see 5.2).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit
9、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetryF16
10、40 Guide for Selection and Use of Packaging Materialsfor Foods to Be Irradiated2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-ties for Food Processing51261 Guide for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Systemsfor Radiation Processing51431 Practice for Dosimetry in Elect
11、ron Beam and X-ray(Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Process-ing51539 Guide for Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators2.3 Codex Alimentarius Commission Recommended Inter-national Codes of Practice and Standards:4CX STAN 1-1985, Rev. 1991, Amd 2001 General Standardfor the Labeling of Pre
12、packaged Foods1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on RadiationProcessing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.05 on FoodIrradiation.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 a
13、s F1355 06. DOI:10.1520/F1355-06R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
14、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Joint Office, FAO,Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
15、ates1CX STAN 106-1983, Rev. 2003 General Standard for Irra-diated FoodCAC/RCP 19-1979, Rev. 2003 Recommended InternationalCode of Practice for the Radiation Processing of Food2.4 ISO Standards:5ISO 873 PeachesGuide to Cold StorageISO 931 Green BananasGuide to Storage and TransportISO 1134 PearsGuide
16、 to Cold StorageISO 1212 ApplesGuide to Cold StorageISO 1838 Fresh PineapplesGuide to Storage and Trans-portISO 2168 Table GrapesGuide to Cold StorageISO 2826 ApricotsGuide to Cold StorageISO 3631 Citrus FruitsGuide to Cold StorageISO 3659 Fruits and VegetablesRipening After Cold Stor-ageISO 6660 Ma
17、ngoesGuide to StorageISO 6661 Fresh Fruits and VegetablesArrangement ofParallelpipedic Packages in Land Transport VehiclesISO 6664 Bilberries and BlueberriesGuide To Cold Stor-ageISO 6665 StrawberriesGuide to Cold StorageISO 6949 Fruits and VegetablesPrinciples and Techniquesof the Controlled Atmosp
18、here Method of StorageISO 7558 Guide to the Prepacking of Fruits and Vegetables3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Other terms used in this guide may be defined inTerminology E170.3.1.2 absorbed dosequantity of ionizing radiation energyimparted per unit mass of a specified material. The SI unit ofab
19、sorbed dose is the gray (Gy), where one gray is equivalent tothe absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of the specified material(1 Gy = 1 J/kg).3.1.2.1 DiscussionA standard definition of absorbed doseappears in Terminology E170.3.1.3 dose distributionvariation in absorbed dose within aprocess load expo
20、sed to ionizing radiation.3.1.4 pestany species, strain or bio type of plant, animal orpathogenic agent injurious to plant or plant products (2).3.1.5 process loadvolume of material with a specifiedproduct loading configuration irradiated as a single entity.3.1.6 quarantine pesta pest of potential e
21、conomic impor-tance to an endangered area and not yet present there, orpresent but not widely distributed and being officially con-trolled (3).3.1.7 quarantine treatmentpertaining to the killing,removal, or rendering infertile of regulated plant pests on hostmaterial that has been placed in quaranti
22、ne (or seized anddetained) by regulatory authorities because of the potential oractual presence of a quarantine pest (4).3.1.8 regulated non-quarantine pestnon-quarantine pestwhose presence in plants for planting affects the intended useof those plants with an economically unacceptable impact andwhi
23、ch is therefore regulated within the territory of the import-ing contracting party (3).3.1.9 regulated pestquarantine pest or a regulated non-quarantine pest (3).3.1.10 transport systemthe conveyor or other mechanicalmeans used to move the process load through the irradiator.4. Significance and Use4
24、.1 The purpose of radiation treatment, as discussed in thisguide, is to minimize the pest risk and to maximize the safetyassociated with the movement and use of fresh agriculturalproduce.4.2 Irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment can preventdevelopment or emergence of the adult stage where adults
25、arenot present in the agricultural produce (for example, fruit flies)or sterilize the adult where that stage is present (for example,weevils). (4)5. Selection of Fresh Agricultural Produce for Irradiation5.1 Most fresh agricultural produce is not adversely affectedat the minimum doses indicated in 8
26、.5.2. In particular, thefollowing fruits have been found to be tolerant of thoseminimum doses: apple, cantaloupe, carambola, cherry, citrus,currant, date, fig, grape, guava, honeydew melon, kiwi, lychee,mango, muskmelon, nectarine, papaya, peach, prune,raspberry, strawberry, and tomato.5.2 Some fres
27、h agricultural produce may be damaged orexhibit unacceptable changes in shelf-life, color, taste, or otherproperties at the minimum doses indicated in 8.5.2, making itnecessary to evaluate the effects of irradiation on the fruit at therequired dose level. Differences among varieties, origins,growing
28、 and harvest conditions, and elapsed time betweenharvest and processing should be considered.5.3 Irradiation of product will result in a distribution ofabsorbed dose in a process load, which is characterized by amaximum and minimum absorbed dose. Thus, in addition toevaluating the suitability of tre
29、ating product at the minimumdose necessary to inactivate pests, tolerance of the product tothe expected maximum dose should be evaluated.6. Packaging6.1 Guide F1640 provides guidance on packaging materialsin contact with food during irradiation.6.2 Appropriate packaging materials should be used fors
30、afeguarding the produce as part of the effort to ensurephytosanitary integrity (for example, see Ref (5).7. Pre-Irradiation Product Handling and Treatment7.1 Fresh agricultural produce intended to be irradiatedshould be of good overall quality and reflect the results of goodagronomic practices.7.2 F
31、resh agricultural produce should be appropriately seg-regated or otherwise safeguarded prior to irradiation as part ofthe effort to ensure phytosanitary integrity.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.F1355 06 (2014)27.3 Normal sto
32、rage procedures should be used prior toradiation treatment. Pre-irradiation storage should includeappropriate temperature and atmospheric conditions. Informa-tion on storage conditions is provided in ISO Standards (see2.4).7.4 It may not be possible to distinguish irradiated fromnon-irradiated produ
33、ct by inspection. It is essential that appro-priate means integral with facility design, such as physicalbarriers or clearly defined staging areas, be used to separatenon-irradiated product from irradiated product.NOTE 1Radiation-sensitive indicators undergo a color change whenexposed to radiation i
34、n the pertinent dose range. These indicators may beuseful within the irradiation facility as a visual check for determiningwhether or not a product has been exposed to the radiation source. Theyare not dosimeters intended for measuring absorbed dose and must not beused as a substitute for proper dos
35、imetry. Information about dosimetrysystems and the proper use of radiation-sensitive indicators is provided inISO/ASTM Guides 51261 and 51539, respectively.8. Irradiation8.1 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)Standard op-erating procedures for food irradiation are documented proce-dures for ensurin
36、g that the absorbed-dose range and irradiationconditions selected by the radiation processor are adequateunder commercial processing conditions to achieve the in-tended effect on a specific product in a specific facility. Theseprocedures should be established and validated by qualifiedpersons having
37、 knowledge in irradiation requirements specificfor the food and the irradiation facility (see CAC/RCP 19).8.2 Radiation SourcesThe sources of ionizing radiationthat may be employed in irradiating fresh agricultural produceare limited to the following (see CX STAN 106):8.2.1 Isotopic Sourcesgamma ray
38、s from the radionuclides60Co (1.17 and 1.33 MeV) or137Cs (0.66 MeV);8.2.2 Machine SourcesX-rays and accelerated electrons.NOTE 2The CodexAlimentarius Commission as well as regulations insome countries currently limit the maximum electron energy and nominalX-ray energy for the purpose of food irradia
39、tion (CX STAN 106 and Ref(6).8.3 Absorbed Dose:8.3.1 Absorbed Doses Required to Accomplish SpecificEffectsFood irradiation specifications provided by the ownerof the product should include minimum and maximum ab-sorbed dose limits: a minimum necessary to ensure theintended effect, and a maximum to p
40、revent product degrada-tion. One or both of these limits may be prescribed byregulation for a given application. See, for example, FDA andUSDA regulations (5, 7). The irradiation process must beconfigured to ensure that the absorbed dose achieved is withinthese limits throughout each process load. O
41、nce this capabilityis established, the absorbed dose values for each productionrun must be monitored and recorded (see 11.2.2).8.3.2 Doses to Control Various PestsAppendix X1 liststhe many quarantine pests of fresh agricultural produce. Thesensitivity of a pest to radiation varies with the life stag
42、e of thepest at the time of irradiation (see Note 3). The effect ofirradiation at one stage may carry over to, and be moreapparent in, a later stage.NOTE 3Infestation of a fruit with fruit flies occurs when the adultfemale lays eggs in the agricultural produce. Later, these eggs hatch andlarvae emer
43、ge. These larvae feed and develop in the fruit and in thismanner damage it. The larvae leave the fruit upon maturation and undergopupation in the ground. In packaged agricultural produce, pupation mayoccur in the container. Seed weevils can infest fresh agricultural produceat an early stage and upon
44、 emergence as adults, damage the seed and thefruit. One should concentrate on developing a treatment against the mostradiation-tolerant stage, that can be reasonably expected to be in, on, orwith the fresh agricultural produce. The most tolerant stage is usually theone closest to the adult if the ad
45、ult itself is not present in the agriculturalproduce.8.4 Routine Production Dosimetry:8.4.1 Routine dosimetry is part of a verification process forestablishing that the irradiation process is under control.8.4.2 Select and calibrate a dosimetry system appropriate tothe radiation source being used, t
46、he environmental conditions,and the range of absorbed doses required (see ISO/ASTM51261 and Refs (8)and (9).8.4.3 Verify that the product receives the required absorbeddose by using proper dosimetric measurement procedures,along with appropriate statistical controls, and documentation.Place dosimete
47、rs in or on the process load at locations ofmaximum and minimum absorbed dose. If those locations arenot accessible, place dosimeters at reference locations thathave a known and quantifiable relationship to the maximumand minimum absorbed dose locations (see ISO/ASTM Prac-tices 51204 and 51431).8.4.
48、4 The size and shape of the process load are determinedpartly by certain design parameters of the irradiation facility.Critical parameters include the characteristics of the transportsystem and of the radiation source as they relate to the dosedistribution within the process load. The size and shape
49、 of theproduce and the minimum and maximum dose limits may alsoaffect the loading configuration of the process load.8.5 Criteria for Assessing Irradiation Effcacy:8.5.1 The key criterion for acceptance of a phytosanitarytreatment is the verification that the absorbed dose is sufficientto achieve the required level of phytosanitary security.8.5.2 The minimum absorbed dose specified to achieve anacceptable level of phytosanitary security is usually establishedby regulatory agencies. Efficacy should be established on thebasis of scientific studies
