ASTM F2269-2011 Standard Guide for Maintaining Warm Season Turfgrasses on Athletic Fields《田径场暖季草皮草维护标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: F2269 11An American National StandardStandard Guide forMaintaining Warm Season Turfgrasses on Athletic Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2269; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for main-taining warm-season turfgrasses used for natural surfac
3、e ath-letic fields. Practices covered include mowing, fertilization,irrigation, core cultivation, winter overseeding, pest manage-ment, and requirements for management of dormant turf winteroverseeded with cool-season turf (see also Guide F2060).1.2 The decisions involved in maintaining a quality na
4、turalplaying surface should consider soil types, local climate andother factors. Therefore, it is recommended that you contactyour local cooperative extension service for more specificinformation on soils, and grass species and cultivars adapted toyour area.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to b
5、e regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of th
6、is standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2060 Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Ch
7、arac-teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as noted, soil-related and turfgrass-relateddefinitions are in accordance with Terminology F2651.4. Significance and Use4.1 A dense, uniform stand of turfgrass on a playing surfaceimproves the playing quality and sa
8、fety of the field byproviding firm footing for the athletes and by cushioning theirimpact from falls, tackles or slides. These standards are theminimum inputs required to provide such a surface. Variouspublished guides have been used in the development of thisstandard (1-8).34.2 Field conditions may
9、 directly influence the frequencyand type of athletic injuries occurring as a result of using thefields. While these standards do not guarantee that such injurieswill be prevented, a well maintained turf on a natural playingsurface should minimize field-related injuries.5. Apparatus5.1 GeneralExperi
10、ence and good judgment are importantto match the proper type of equipment to the nature of the taskto be performed.5.1.1 Mowing EquipmentMower types include reel, ro-tary, and flail; although the latter type is not recommended forfine playing surfaces. A reel mower should be used for playingsurfaces
11、 requiring mowing at less than 2.5 cm (1.0 in.). Mowerblades should always be kept sharp and properly adjusted inaccordance to manufacturers recommendations. Mowingequipment should be operated in a speed range (ground andengine speed) consistent with the manufacturers recommen-dation.5.1.2 Spreaders
12、Spreaders are necessary if dry fertilizer orpest control materials are to be applied. Spreader types mayinclude drop, rotary (centrifugal, spinner), or oscillating.Spreaders should be calibrated to deliver the desired, labeled,or recommended rate of fertilizer or pest control product beingapplied.5.
13、1.3 SprayersSprayers are necessary if liquid fertilizersor pest control materials are to be applied. Low pressure1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current ed
14、ition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F2269 03. DOI: 10.1520/F2269-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
16、s.systems are recommended. Sprayers should be calibrated todeliver the desired, labeled, or recommended rate of fertilizeror pest control product being applied.5.1.4 Core CultivatorsCore cultivation (aerification, cor-ing) equipment relieves soil surface compaction. Core cultiva-tors should be of th
17、e type that physically removes soil, such asa hollow tine or spoon. Cultivators with 1.3 to 1.9 cm (12 to34in.) tines on spacing not more than 15 cm (6 in.) should be usedon all playing surfaces. Spikers, slicers, or similar types ofequipment are not as effective for relieving surface compac-tion. I
18、n addition to soil compaction found immediately atsurface, the mechanical aeration practices may be performedsuch that the aeration tines penetrate to a depth sufficient todisrupt compacted layers. The effectiveness of such practiceswill depend upon equipment capabilities and adjustment.5.1.5 Seeder
19、sBroadcast or slit seeders should be used forany overseeding or renovation operations. Slit seeders cut agroove into the soil and deposit the seed in the groove at apredetermined depth. To achieve the same results, broadcastseeders will require a higher rate of seed application due to lesseffective
20、seed-to-soil contact. Additionally, a broadcast seededfield will generally require more irrigation to effectivelygerminate seed compared to slit seeded fields. Seeding of baresoils can be accomplished by broadcast seeders, drop seeders,or slit seeders but each method will require a mulch foreffectiv
21、e germination. Hydroseeding methods can be usedeffectively to apply seed and mulch in a hydroslurry to a baresoil surface but is not effective as a winter overseeding practiceon existing turf.5.1.6 Irrigation System or EquipmentIdeally some sourceof water should be available for irrigation. Systems
22、can rangefrom portable or permanently installed types.5.1.7 Soil Sampling TubeUsed to sample soils for testingpurposes.6. Mowing6.1 Mowing (General)The periodic removal of excessshoot growth is necessary on natural surface playing fields.6.2 Mowing HeightThe mowing height of a natural sur-face athle
23、tic field will vary with the sport, turfgrass species,and time of the year.Adjust mowing heights accordingly, usingthe chart below:Sports Field Use Grass Species Mowing HeightBaseball/Cricket Infields,Field Hockey Fieldshybrid bermudagrass,zoysiagrass, orseashore paspalum6.4to19mm(0.25 to 0.75 in.)B
24、aseball/Cricket/SoftballOutfields; Soccer, Football,Lacrosse, Polo, andRugby Fields; Intramuraland Multiple-use Fieldshybrid bermudagrass,zoysiagrass, orseashore paspalum;19 to 38 mm(0.75 to 1.5 in.)common bermudagrass,kikuyagrass;38 to 64 mm(1.5 to 2.5 in.)bahiagrass 64 to 102 mm(2.5 to 4 in.)NOTE
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