1、Designation: F2269 11An American National StandardStandard Guide forMaintaining Warm Season Turfgrasses on Athletic Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2269; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for main-taining warm-season turfgrasses used for natural surfac
3、e ath-letic fields. Practices covered include mowing, fertilization,irrigation, core cultivation, winter overseeding, pest manage-ment, and requirements for management of dormant turf winteroverseeded with cool-season turf (see also Guide F2060).1.2 The decisions involved in maintaining a quality na
4、turalplaying surface should consider soil types, local climate andother factors. Therefore, it is recommended that you contactyour local cooperative extension service for more specificinformation on soils, and grass species and cultivars adapted toyour area.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to b
5、e regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of th
6、is standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2060 Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Ch
7、arac-teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as noted, soil-related and turfgrass-relateddefinitions are in accordance with Terminology F2651.4. Significance and Use4.1 A dense, uniform stand of turfgrass on a playing surfaceimproves the playing quality and sa
8、fety of the field byproviding firm footing for the athletes and by cushioning theirimpact from falls, tackles or slides. These standards are theminimum inputs required to provide such a surface. Variouspublished guides have been used in the development of thisstandard (1-8).34.2 Field conditions may
9、 directly influence the frequencyand type of athletic injuries occurring as a result of using thefields. While these standards do not guarantee that such injurieswill be prevented, a well maintained turf on a natural playingsurface should minimize field-related injuries.5. Apparatus5.1 GeneralExperi
10、ence and good judgment are importantto match the proper type of equipment to the nature of the taskto be performed.5.1.1 Mowing EquipmentMower types include reel, ro-tary, and flail; although the latter type is not recommended forfine playing surfaces. A reel mower should be used for playingsurfaces
11、 requiring mowing at less than 2.5 cm (1.0 in.). Mowerblades should always be kept sharp and properly adjusted inaccordance to manufacturers recommendations. Mowingequipment should be operated in a speed range (ground andengine speed) consistent with the manufacturers recommen-dation.5.1.2 Spreaders
12、Spreaders are necessary if dry fertilizer orpest control materials are to be applied. Spreader types mayinclude drop, rotary (centrifugal, spinner), or oscillating.Spreaders should be calibrated to deliver the desired, labeled,or recommended rate of fertilizer or pest control product beingapplied.5.
13、1.3 SprayersSprayers are necessary if liquid fertilizersor pest control materials are to be applied. Low pressure1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current ed
14、ition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F2269 03. DOI: 10.1520/F2269-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
16、s.systems are recommended. Sprayers should be calibrated todeliver the desired, labeled, or recommended rate of fertilizeror pest control product being applied.5.1.4 Core CultivatorsCore cultivation (aerification, cor-ing) equipment relieves soil surface compaction. Core cultiva-tors should be of th
17、e type that physically removes soil, such asa hollow tine or spoon. Cultivators with 1.3 to 1.9 cm (12 to34in.) tines on spacing not more than 15 cm (6 in.) should be usedon all playing surfaces. Spikers, slicers, or similar types ofequipment are not as effective for relieving surface compac-tion. I
18、n addition to soil compaction found immediately atsurface, the mechanical aeration practices may be performedsuch that the aeration tines penetrate to a depth sufficient todisrupt compacted layers. The effectiveness of such practiceswill depend upon equipment capabilities and adjustment.5.1.5 Seeder
19、sBroadcast or slit seeders should be used forany overseeding or renovation operations. Slit seeders cut agroove into the soil and deposit the seed in the groove at apredetermined depth. To achieve the same results, broadcastseeders will require a higher rate of seed application due to lesseffective
20、seed-to-soil contact. Additionally, a broadcast seededfield will generally require more irrigation to effectivelygerminate seed compared to slit seeded fields. Seeding of baresoils can be accomplished by broadcast seeders, drop seeders,or slit seeders but each method will require a mulch foreffectiv
21、e germination. Hydroseeding methods can be usedeffectively to apply seed and mulch in a hydroslurry to a baresoil surface but is not effective as a winter overseeding practiceon existing turf.5.1.6 Irrigation System or EquipmentIdeally some sourceof water should be available for irrigation. Systems
22、can rangefrom portable or permanently installed types.5.1.7 Soil Sampling TubeUsed to sample soils for testingpurposes.6. Mowing6.1 Mowing (General)The periodic removal of excessshoot growth is necessary on natural surface playing fields.6.2 Mowing HeightThe mowing height of a natural sur-face athle
23、tic field will vary with the sport, turfgrass species,and time of the year.Adjust mowing heights accordingly, usingthe chart below:Sports Field Use Grass Species Mowing HeightBaseball/Cricket Infields,Field Hockey Fieldshybrid bermudagrass,zoysiagrass, orseashore paspalum6.4to19mm(0.25 to 0.75 in.)B
24、aseball/Cricket/SoftballOutfields; Soccer, Football,Lacrosse, Polo, andRugby Fields; Intramuraland Multiple-use Fieldshybrid bermudagrass,zoysiagrass, orseashore paspalum;19 to 38 mm(0.75 to 1.5 in.)common bermudagrass,kikuyagrass;38 to 64 mm(1.5 to 2.5 in.)bahiagrass 64 to 102 mm(2.5 to 4 in.)NOTE
25、1Adjustments in mowing height should be made to accommo-date the sport using the field. Mowing heights should be increased by25 % when the fields are not being used, or when the mowing height doesnot influence the game. A modest increase in mowing height addsphotosynthetic leaf area to the turf cano
26、py and may increase turf healthand assist recovery rates of worn fields.6.3 Mowing FrequencyFields should be mowed as oftenas necessary. No more than13 of the leaf surface should be cutoff at any one mowing. Under normal growing conditions, thisusually means every 5 to 7 days for fields maintained a
27、t 3.8 cm(1.5 in.) or higher, and two or three times a week for baseballinfields and other closely mowed fields.6.4 Clipping RemovalFields maintained at a mowingheight of 2.5 cm (1 in.) or higher do not require that theclippings be removed at mowing if mowed at the properfrequency interval. Only remo
28、ve clippings if the grass isallowed to grow excessively high so that clippings wouldaccumulate on the playing field surface. Playing surfacesmaintained at one inch or shorter should have the clippingsremoved with each mowing.6.5 Mowing PatternMowing direction should be variedwith each successive mow
29、ing. Striping of fields due to mowingdirection can be accomplished with one or two mowings priorto an event.NOTE 2Seashore paspalum is the only warm-season turf that willproduce a significant striping effect. Overseeded cool-season turfs mayalso produce a striping effect.7. Fertilization7.1 Fertiliz
30、ation (General)Fertilization is essential formaintaining dense, vigorously growing natural turfgrass fields.Fertilizer rate, timing, source, and ratio will influence a naturalturfs density, color, uniformity, and recuperative ability, aswell as its ability to tolerate wear, biological and environmen
31、talstresses.7.2 Soil TestingSoil testing should be performed on es-tablished fields every three to four years. More frequent testing(once or more per year) may be required on sand-based fieldsor those having nutritional imbalances. Soil testing will iden-tify nutrient deficiencies that may be correc
32、ted by supplementalfertilizer applications or by fertilizer selection. Soil testing willalso identify changes needed in soil reaction (pH).7.2.1 SamplingA representative sample should be takenfrom each field. Using a soil sampling tube, pull out about 50random samples per acre of turf, and combine t
33、hem to obtaina representative sample. Samples should be taken from the soilsurface to a depth of 51 to 102 mm (2 to 4 in.).7.2.2 Remove the thatch and any stones or debris.7.2.3 Thoroughly mix the cores and pull a one pint 0.5 L (1pt) sample from the composite to submit to the testing lab.7.2.4 Prov
34、ide as much information to the lab as possible,including the use of the area, grass species, past fertilizationhistory, irrigation or not, clipping removal or not, age of thefield, and other information the lab may request.7.2.5 Submit the samples to a state or commercial soiltesting lab. Maintain r
35、ecords of samples submitted, to includesampling date, soil testing lab, and results.7.3 Soil Reaction (pH)Ideally, soil pH should be main-tained in a range of 6.0 to 7.0, although acceptable turf can bemaintained outside this range with careful management ofplant nutrients.7.3.1 Lime should be appli
36、ed as per soil test recommenda-tions to increase soil pH. Lime materials may include pulver-ized or granular limestone, pelletized limestone, and hydratedF2269 112lime. Use dolomitic liming materials if there is a need foradditional magnesium in the soil. Apply lime in spring and/orfall until the de
37、sired pH is attained.7.3.2 Apply no more than 4900 kg per hectare of limestone(100 lbs/1000 ft2) application.Apply no more than 3675 kg perhectare of hydrated lime (75 lbs/1000 ft2) per application.7.3.3 Elemental sulfur or ammonium based fertilizers canbe used to decrease soil pH.Apply elemental su
38、lfur at a rate notto exceed 245 kg per hectare (5 lbs/1000 ft2) in the spring andfall until the desired soil pH is reached.7.4 Fertilizer Rate and Nitrogen SourcesWarm-seasonplaying surfaces (except Seashore paspalum) should receivefertilizer at a rate to deliver no less than 25 kg N per hectare(abo
39、ut12 lb of actual nitrogen per 1000 ft2) per growing month.Potassium is generally required at about13 to12 of the nitrogenfertility rate or about 100 to 150 kg per hectare (about 2 to 3 lbsof potassium per 1000 ft2) per year. Seashore paspalum willrequire only 100 to 150 kg per hectare (about 2 to 3
40、 lbs ofnitrogen per 1000 ft2) per year but an approximately equalamount of potassium. The need for higher rates will bedependent on climatic and soil conditions, irrigation practices,and intensity of use. Many warm-season soils contain or retain,or both, adequate amounts of phosphorus. Phosphorus ap
41、pli-cations should be made based upon recommendations from soiltesting.7.4.1 Quick-release nitrogen sources such as ammoniumphosphates, ammonium nitrate, urea, or ammonium sulfateshould be applied at rates not to exceed 50 kg actual N perhectare (about 1 lb of actual nitrogen per 1000 ft2) perapplic
42、ation. Slow-release forms of nitrogen such as sulfur-coated urea, IBDU, ureaform, polymer coated urea, polymer/sulfur coated urea, and natural organics may be applied athigher rates less frequently through the year, and are preferredfor use on sandy soils or sand-based rootzone constructions.Many tu
43、rfgrass fertilizers contain a combination of both quick-and slow-release nitrogen sources, and are usually applied at arate of 50 kg actual N per hectare (about 1 lb of actual nitrogenper 1000 ft2). A fertilizer containing quick and slow releasenitrogen sources should be used on Bahiagrass.7.4.2 Sta
44、rter fertilizers (see 7.6.1) applied at the time ofoverseeding should be applied at a rate necessary to deliver 25kg actual N per hectare (about12 lb of actual nitrogen per 1000ft2).7.5 Fertilization TimingThe dates of a fertilizer applica-tion should be adjusted to suit schedules and environmentalc
45、onditions. Nitrogen is the main plant nutrient affecting timing.In general, apply moderate amounts of fertilizer when warm-season grasses are coming out of dormancy in late winter andearly spring. Applications in mid-spring through mid summerwill enhance growth, density, and green color; this corres
46、pondswith the season of maximum growth potential. Moderate ratesof fertilizer should be applied in late summer to mid-fall; thisbeing the period when grasses are hardening off prior to winterdormancy. If areas are overseeded with cool-season grasses,fertilize with a starter fertilizer at the time of
47、 overseeding andthen periodically fertilize to favor the cool-season grassgrowth. Bahiagrass should only be fertilized once or twice peryear (in the fall or spring and fall) with a 4-1-2 (N, P2O5,K2O)ratio fertilizer at a rate of 50 kg actual N per hectare (about 1lb of actual nitrogen per 1000 ft2)
48、 in the spring and the fall.Light applications of nitrogen at 25 kg N per hectare (about12lb of nitrogen per 1000 ft2) may be applied to bahiagrass duringthe summer if adequate rainfall is anticipated.7.5.1 Fertilizer should not be applied to dormant turf (unlessoverseeded) or turf that is under env
49、ironmental stress (heat ordryness) during the growing season.7.6 Fertilizer RatioThe ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus topotassium should be based on a soil test. In lieu of a soil testreport, use a fertilizer with a 4-1-2 or similar ratio. For seashorepaspalum, use a fertilizer that contains nitrogen and potassiumin equal proportions (1:1, N to K2O) or with a higher ratio ofK2O than N.7.6.1 Fertilizers applied at the time of overseeding shouldhave a 3-4-1, 1-2-1 or similar ratio indicating a higherpercentage of P2O5thanNorK2O.8. Core Cultivation8.1 Co
