1、Designation: F2849 10Standard Practice forHandling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice identifies and describes equipage andprocedures for safely handling unmanned aircraft forced torecover at alternate
3、or diversionary airfields where personneltrained in recovering that type of aircraft may not be present. Itis intended to apply to fixed-wing unmanned aircraft conduct-ing non-visual line-of-sight operations. It is intended to estab-lish common locations, labeling, and functions of equipmentnecessar
4、y to safely power down the aircraft without damagingit and common procedures for untrained personnel to follow tocontact the owner of the aircraft. It addresses mission planningprocedures, automated functions, and manual functions/handling procedures in the preflight, in-flight, and post-flightphase
5、s, respectively.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2395 Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems2.2 Other Standard:3ICAO Annex 1, Chapter 13. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is written to preclude damage or injury toproperty and personnel in the event of an unplanned landing byan unm
6、anned aircraft at an airfield not equipped or trained tohandle that type of aircraft and to prevent unintentional damageto the aircraft once it lands. It is intended for use by unmannedaircraft equipment designers, procedures developers, andground personnel.4. Mission Planning Procedures4.1 If missi
7、on requirements allow, alternate or divert air-fields shall be planned within gliding distance of any pointalong the planned route of flight. This is dependent upon anumber of factors includingbut not limited togeographiclocation of flight operations (for example, austere operatingenvironment or mar
8、itime operations with few available air-fields) and mission flight profile. If mission planning and divertairfield accommodations are in conflict, mission requirementsshall take priority over divert airfield planning.4.2 Gliding distance is defined as aircraft altitude aboveground level (absolute al
9、titude minus 1000 ft for patternaltitude) times its lift to drag ratio (L/D). Zero wind, all enginesout, and 50 % fuel onboard are assumed. Aircraft configuration(for example, stores on wings) should be taken into accountwhen determining the L/D ratio to be used for a flight segment.4.3 Selected air
10、fields shall be capable (for example, runwaylength, width, bearing strength) of accommodating recovery ofthe aircraft in its planned configuration.4.4 Contact information for the alternate airfields shall beupdated and made available to the pilot for use during flight.5. Automated Functions5.1 At a
11、minimum, the aircraft shall be able to recognize andreport the condition of not being capable of maintaining levelflight at its mission altitude or at a reduced altitude (that is, sinkrate at reduced or full power). This condition shall trigger theaircrafts flight control computer to enter a “divert
12、 mode” (thatis, a subset of its contingency mode) of functioning. Excep-tional conditions where a sink rate exists at full power undernormal operating conditions, for example, when encounteringmountain wave effects, should also be recognizable. There maybe other contingencies such as environmental c
13、onditions,system-specific issue, or other factors which trigger the divertmode as well. This is only meant to describe a minimum levelof automated functions.5.2 In divert mode, the aircraft shall automatically (1)squawk a predetermined code, (2) safe any weapons beingcarried, (3) cease any potential
14、ly hazardous emissions toground personnel unless doing so compromises aircraft safetyprior to landing, (4) notify via the command and control linkthe intended alternate airfield to the pilot in command at theground control station (if the link is still available), and (5)disable or destroy any encry
15、ption devices as needed once theaircraft has landed and come to a complete stop. The pilot in1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on UnmannedAircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.02 on FlightOperations.Current edition approved June 15, 2010.
16、Published July 2010. DOI: 10.1520/F2849-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from In
17、ternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Univer-sity Street, Montral, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Smand shall contact the selected airfield to alert them of hisinbound aircraft and its e
18、mergency.6. Manual Functions6.1 The aircraft shall have a panel with standard markingsof GROUND ACCESS PANEL which contains the controlsand instructions for ground crew to use to (1) stop the engine(s)if the aircraft has not already done so automatically, (2) movethe aircraft (to include information
19、 such as hooking up a towbar, setting/releasing brakes, and using tie-downs), and (3)notify the aircraft owner/operator. The panel may be either adesignated area on the aircraft with all controls and informationmounted externally or consist of an actual enclosed area witha functioning panel secured
20、with standard aircraft externalpanel fasteners for ease of opening.6.2 The ground control panel shall be located on the left sideof the fuselage at eye level on aircraft measuring more than1 m from the runway to top of fuselage with landing gearextended or on top of the fuselage on aircraft measurin
21、g 1meter or less from the runway to top of fuselage with landinggear extended. The location shall be outside of the propellerarc(s), the vicinity of engine inlet or exhaust, and any zonesposing an emissions hazard to personnel even if deactivated(for example, radar, hydrazine vents).6.3 The ground c
22、ontrol panel shall contain a red, coveredshutoff switch labeled “EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN” whichshuts down the engine and de-energizes any/all power sourcesand powered devices when activated.6.4 If the aircraft carries weapons, the ground control panelshall address how to safe the weapons on the ground an
23、dprevent removal/rearming of them by unauthorized groundpersonnel.6.5 The ground control panel shall contain basic instructionsfor basic instructions for using ground equipment to tow ormove the aircraft without damaging it.6.6 The ground control panel shall contain contact informa-tion (for example
24、, international telephone number, email ad-dress) for the aircraft owner/operator and any other relevantinformation.6.7 All writing (for example, labels, instructions) in theground control panel shall be in English in accordance withICAO Annex 1, Chapter 1, paragraph 1.2.9. Where spacepermits and wh
25、en applicable, it is recommended that writing inthe predominant local language also be included. Also wherespace permits, it is recommended that instructions for functionsoutlined in 6.3-6.6 be provided on electronic media (forexample, USB Flash Drive, CD-ROM) stored inside theground control panel.
26、The media should be in a widelyaccepted format (for example, Microsoft Windows), labeled assuch, and loaded with a single PDF file in the root directorythat contains all instructions.7. Keywords7.1 airfield; contingency; divert; landing; UAS; unmannedaircraft systemsASTM International takes no posit
27、ion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibilit
28、y.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
29、 International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address s
30、hown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2849 102
