1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11396:2012Crocodile skins Presentation,description of defects, gradingon the basis of defects, size(length) and originBS ISO 11396:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordTh
2、is British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 11396:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee TCI/69, Footwear, leather and coated fabrics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication do
3、es not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 66492 2ICS 59.140.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal
4、obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 11396:2012 ISO 2012Crocodile skins Presentation, description of defects, grading on the basis of defects, size
5、(length) and originPeaux de crocodile Prsentation, description des dfauts, classement sur la base des dfauts, de la taille (longueur) et de lorigineINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11396First edition2012-05-01Reference numberISO 11396:2012(E)BS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedC
6、OPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address bel
7、ow or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Stand
8、ardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
9、to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Sta
10、ndards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Int
11、ernational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 11396 w
12、as prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts. ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 11396:2012BS ISO 11396:2012Crocodile skins Presentation, description of defects, grading on the basis of defects, size (length) and origin1
13、ScopeThis International Standard describes the presentation of crocodile skins and defects which may occur. It provides guidelines for grading crocodile skins on the basis of defects, size (length) and origin.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this document, the following terms and definition
14、s apply.2.1 scutebony external plate or scale of the crocodile skin2.2 flayingcutting open a carcass along specific lines and removing the hide/skin from the carcassNOTE Flaying can be done either by hand or by using a machine.2.3 fleshingremoval of the flesh or adipose tissue from hides and skinsNO
15、TE The presence of extra fat and muscles left attached to the skin will hold moisture and cause pseudo-anaerobic conditions leading to putrefaction and loss of value.3 Presentation3.1 The presentation of a crocodile skin with the cut pattern splitting the hornback down the centre is shown in Figure
16、1. For the purpose of presentation of crocodile skins, the following terms are used:a) pattern area, symbolized as (PA);b) outside the pattern area, symbolized as (OP).3.2 The pattern area is divided into the following three parts, in order of importance, with the belly area having four quadrants:1)
17、 head (A1);2) belly (A2), with belly quadrants Q1 to Q4;3) tail (A3).INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11396:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)Key1 third scute behind the forearm2 belly skinFigure 1 Presentation of crocodile skins4 DefectsThe defects in crocodile skins
18、 are listed in 4.1 to 4.6.4.1 ButtonsButtons are marks which are circular-like depressions.4.2 Cuts or holes (C or H)Cuts or holes are perforations that go through the skin. There are two categories: Category 1: a cut or hole diameter up to 10 mm in width and 5 mm to 20 mm in length; Category 2: a c
19、ut or hole diameter up to 20 mm in width and 5 mm to 40 mm in length.4.3 ScarsScars are damages made to the crocodile skin prior to flaying or harvest (i.e. before slaughter) that have had time to heal.NOTE Cuts, holes and scratches leave permanent scars, imprints or damage to the skin.4.4 Scratches
20、Scratches are damaged areas present on the crocodile skin during slaughter or flaying. A scratch is normally depicted by a point where the scale is broken.NOTE Scratches emanate from crocodiles crawling over rough surfaces with sharp abrasive edges, thorny plants or trees that could potentially brea
21、k or damage scales through to the inner skin layers beyond the stratum germinatum. If this occurs, the skin is exposed to permanent damage that is conspicuous in the finished state.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)4.5 Subcutaneous blemishesSubcutaneous blemishes are ca
22、used by parasitic worms and bacteria. These worms bore into the belly scales and feed on the sub-scale dermis.NOTE In certain cases, a brownish, spot-like colouration may be observed; this is indicative of bacterial infection. At severe levels, the dermis is denatured and a denuded scale or “eroded
23、like” appearance is observed.4.6 Scale slipScale slip is experienced when, either on touch or by itself, a scale loosens or detaches from the skin.NOTE This is usually caused by bad curing techniques or preservation methods. Scale slip is similar to “hair slip” in cow hides or sheep skin.5 Grading o
24、n the basis on defects5.1 General For the purpose of this grading system, each grade is scrutinized for the following:a) scars, scratches, scale slip, subcutaneous blemishes, cuts and holes;b) condition or preservation of the skin;c) shape of skin;d) proficiency of flaying, skinning and fleshing;e)
25、cleanness;f) tainting or colouration.5.2 Grade 15.2.1 The skin falling in this grade should be properly cured, flayed and fleshed to attain an optimal preservation state. Over-cured skins should be avoided to obtain soft and flexible material. Grade 1 skins should be full-sized, measuring at least 3
26、0 cm to 51 cm in width for saltwater crocodile skins, or 35 cm to 51 cm in width for freshwater crocodile skins.5.2.2 The skin should be wholesome and free of any type of damage (including the subcutaneous or adipose side of the skin) in the pattern area (PA). In addition, the skin should have the f
27、our leg appendages and four rows of hard horns or scutes. The pattern area (PA) and the button area (refer to Figure 1) should not have any cuts or holes (C or H). However, Grade 1 skins could have a maximum of two cuts or holes of Category 1 outside the pattern area (E1 to E4).5.3 Grade 25.3.1 The
28、skin in this grade is equally well flayed, fleshed and cured. The skins should be full-sized, measuring at least 30 cm to 51 cm in width for saltwater crocodile skins, or 35 cm to 51 cm in width for freshwater crocodile skins. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)5.3.2 The
29、 skin falling under Grade 2 may contain one cut or hole of Category 1 on the belly (Q1 to Q4). Preferably, there should not be any defects in A1 and A3.5.3.3 However, if there is one cut or hole of Category 1 in A1 and A3, this may be included in Grade 2, as long as there are no defects in A2.5.3.4
30、The skin may have scale lifting or scale slip on a maximum of 5 to 6 pieces in any localized spot within the pattern area (PA).5.3.5 The skin falling in this grade could have one leg missing.5.3.6 The skin should have more than half of the tail present. The skin should have at least one or two butto
31、ns within the pattern area (PA). Adipose or subcutaneous defects are permissible in areas outside the belly (i.e. Q1 to Q4). The evident defects should not be in more than two sections as shown in Figure 1 and, at any time, those defects should not cover more than 20 % of the section so affected.5.3
32、.9 Skin which has two out of the three conditions or defects enumerated in 5.3.2, 5.3.3 and 5.3.5 should be declared as Grade 3.5.4 Grade 35.4.1 The skins should be full sized measuring at least 30 cm to 51 cm in width for saltwater crocodile skins, or 35 cm to 51 cm in width for freshwater crocodil
33、e skins.5.4.2 In addition, the following guidelines provide the evaluation criteria for Grade 3.a) The skin may contain one cut or hole of Category 1 within the pattern area (PA).b) The skin may contain one cut or hole of Category 2 in the belly area (Q1 to Q4).c) The skin may contain one cut or hol
34、e of Category 2 in the head (A1) and tail area (A3).d) The skin may have scale lifting or scale slip of less than 20 % of the total skin area.e) The skin may have two or more legs missing.f) The skin may have less than 75 % of the tail present.g) The skin may have 10 or less buttons within the patte
35、rn area (PA).h) The skin may have adipose or subcutaneous area defects in one belly quadrant. Not more than 20 % outside the belly area should be damaged.5.4.3 Skin which has any two of the conditions stated above, with the exception of the condition in 5.4.2 d), should be declared as Grade 4.5.5 Gr
36、ade 4, culls or reject skins5.5.1 Grade 4, culls or reject skins are any skins not declared as Grade 3 and/or those which have not been properly flayed, fleshed and cured.NOTE Material exhibits initial levels of putrefaction due the improper curing or inappropriate storage techniques. The indicators
37、 of such conditions could be a characteristic ammonia smell and/or spongy appearance of the skins elucidating a state of decay.4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E)5.5.2 Skins falling in this grade have a width less than 30 cm in the belly area for saltwater crocodile skin
38、s, or less than 35 cm in the belly area for freshwater crocodile skins.5.5.3 Skins falling in this grade have abrasive marks, severe scale slip, and skins that are over-cured or under-cured.5.5.4 Skins falling in this grade have any one of the above conditions, or have any combination of such condit
39、ions in more than 50 % of Category 1 and Category 2 types of cuts and holes (4.2).6 Grading on the basis of size (length)6.1 The length of the skin should be measured from the third scute behind the forearm to the tail area. This is a measurement to be used after the horn back has been removed. Howe
40、ver, it should be ensured that four rows of the horn back are not included in the measurement.6.2 The following sizes are recommended: 95 cm to 105 cm; 120 cm to 170 cm; 180 cm to 200 cm; above 200 cm.7 Grading on the basis of originSometimes, the geographical source of the skin is also considered,
41、e.g. if it is the Nile type (i.e. Crocodylus niloticus). There are several types of crocodiles, including the Indo-Pacific or the saltwater crocodile, swamp crocodile, Nile crocodile of Africa, Cuban crocodile, Morelets crocodile, Orinoco crocodile and American crocodile. ISO 2012 All rights reserve
42、d 5BS ISO 11396:2012ISO 11396:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reservedICS 59.140.20Price based on 5 pagesThis page deliberately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services. It presents the U
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