1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11398:2012Raw ostrich skins Description of defects,guidelines for presentation andgrading on basis of defectsBS ISO 11398:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Britis
2、h Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 11398:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee TCI/69, Footwear, leather and coated fabrics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pu
3、rport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 66493 9ICS 59.140.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligatio
4、ns.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 11398:2012 ISO 2012Raw ostrich skins Description of defects, guidelines for presentation and grading on basis of defects
5、Peaux brutes dautruche Description des dfauts, lignes directrices pour la prsentation et classement sur la base des dfautsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11398First edition2012-05-15Reference numberISO 11398:2012(E)BS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMEN
6、T ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in
7、the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
8、 federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that
9、committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in acco
10、rdance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requir
11、es approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 11398 was prepared by Technical C
12、ommittee ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts. ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 11398:2012BS ISO 11398:2012Raw ostrich skins Description of defects, guidelines for presentation and grading on basis of defects1 ScopeThis International Standard pro
13、vides descriptions of defects in raw ostrich skins and guidelines for the presentation and grading of ostrich skins based on these defects.2 Terms related to external parasites and diseases which cause defects in ostrich skinsThe following terms and definitions deal with parasites and diseases that
14、contribute to defects (such as rashes, grown-in feathers, pit marks and marks from inoculation) in ostrich skins.2.1 External parasites2.1.1 mitesmall arthropod belonging to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari) and the class ArachnidaNOTE This parasite lodges on the body of ostrich and suck th
15、e blood, causing small punctures or wounds. Mites are also vectors for numerous diseases.2.1.2 ticksmall arachnid in the order Ixodida, subclass AcarinaNOTE Ticks are ectoparasites (external parasites), living by hematophagy on the blood of mammals, birds, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. T
16、his parasite lodges on the body of ostrich and sucks the blood, causing small punctures or wounds. Ticks are also vectors of numerous diseases.2.2 Bacterial diseases2.2.1 omphalitis yolk sacculitiscondition characterized by infected yolk sacs, often accompanied by unhealed navels in young birdsNOTE
17、Omphalitis is infectious and is caused by opportunistic bacteria such as coliforms, staphylococci, pseudomonas specie and proteus specie.2.2.2 botulismfood poisoning caused by ingesting the toxins of clostridium botulinumNOTE Flaccid paralysis is usually seen in the legs, wings, necks and eyelid of
18、the birds affected by botulism.2.2.3 anthraxacute infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis and characterized by rapidly fatal septicaemia2.2.4 camplyopbacteriosissemi-acute to chronic disease caused by gram negative bacterium campylobacter jejuni and resulting in inflammation, cramps, and pro
19、gressive weaknessINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11398:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)2.2.5 necrotic enteritisacute disease that may affect ostriches at any age and which is caused mainly by Clostridium perfringensNOTE This disease spreads quickly through dropping
20、s and by direct contact. It is sometimes related to mud eating.2.2.6 ulcerative enteritisacute disease that may affect ostriches at any age and which is caused mainly by Clostridium colinumNOTE This disease spreads quickly through droppings and by direct contact. It is sometimes related to mud eatin
21、g.2.3 Viral diseases2.3.1 newcastle diseasehighly contagious and destructive disease caused by the newcastle virus of genus avulavirus which causes gasping, coughing, nervous depression, muscular tremor, dropping wings, twisting of head and neck, complete paralysis2.3.2 avian poxslow spreading disea
22、se, characterized by wart-like lesions on the skin of the head, eyelids, around the external ear opening, on the beak and on the skin of the neck2.3.3 avian influenzaillness caused by many different strains of influenza virus that have adapted to a specific hostNOTE Avian influenza is characterized
23、by respiratory signs, rales, excessive lacrimation, sinusitis, and oedema of the head and face.2.4 Mycotic diseases2.4.1 aspergillosisrespiratory disease caused by the fungus aspergillus fumigatusNOTE These are characterized by gross lesions in the lung, decreased appetite and stunting.2.4.2 candidi
24、asisdisease, caused by the fungus candida moniliformis, which affects the mucus of the mouth and esophagus, causing norexia, dehydration and death2.5nutritional disordernutritional deficiency of an ostrich which affects the general condition of the body and skin of ostrich3 Terms related to defects
25、in ostrich skins3.1 Ante-mortem defects3.1.1 hole empty space, resulting from an unhealed scar, that goes through the skinNOTE Holes are normally classified according to size, i.e. 40 mm, 80 mm and 120 mm.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)3.1.2 cutopening, resulting fro
26、m an unhealed scar, that goes through the skin3.1.3 scarmark remaining as the result of a woundNOTE Scars are typically manifest as kick marks, brand marks, holes, chemical burns, white spots and scabs.3.1.4woundinjury to living tissue caused by an impactNOTE Wounds may be categorized as raw, partia
27、lly healed or healed. 3.1.5 kick markbig mark or healed wound resulting from birds injuring each other3.1.6 brand markmark caused by branding in the useful area of the skin3.1.7 chemical burndamage to the skin surface due to incorrect or excessive application of dipping which results in a shrunken a
28、ppearance or damaged grain3.1.8 white spotspot occurring in the crown area NOTE 1 White spots can vary in size from a few millimetres to a few centimetres in diameter.NOTE 2 The grain pattern of the leather is typically not affected.NOTE 3 White spots are probably caused by the healing of small inju
29、ries or pitting.3.1.9 scabresult of the healing or partially healing of an open wound3.1.10 scratchslight wound typically occurring as distinct thin white scars on a skinNOTE 1 Scratches may be categorized as raw, partially healed or healed.NOTE 2 Scratches are mostly observed as healed defects and
30、probably were caused by thorns or toenails of chicks.3.1.11rough grainrough skin texture resulting from e.g. chafing, feather picking or sunburn and manifested as a rough area on the skin, sometimes with associated callosity3.1.12 bacterial damagedamage which causes pinholes and an extensive occurre
31、nce in at least two or more quartersNOTE Pinholes that are extensive in occurrence in at least two or more quarters will result in a downgrade by one grade. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)3.1.13tick bitepuncture wound caused by ticks and manifested as a small hole in
32、 the skin, typically at the base of a quill mark3.1.14 pittingsmall (about 1 mm) indents in the crown area where the grain layer has been removedNOTE Pitting can be caused by mites.3.2 Post-mortem defects3.2.1 holeempty space, resulting from a scar caused during slaughtering or during processing, th
33、at goes through the skinNOTE Holes are normally classified according to size, i.e. 40 mm, 80 mm and 120 mm.3.2.2 cutopening, resulting from a scar caused during slaughtering or during processing, that goes through the skin3.2.3 torn skinskin with a tear extending approximately 5 cm into the crown ar
34、eaNOTE The piece with more than 50 % of the crown area is the “torn” and the remaining part the “piece”. If a skin is torn into two or more parts, these are reclassified as pieces.3.2.4 defect due to opening linesdefect caused by the wrong opening, where the length of the upper flank is visually not
35、 equal to the lower flankNOTE This defect results in a downgrading of the skin.3.3 Genetically caused defects3.3.1abnormal grain definitiongrain definition that does not resemble what is normally associated with farmed ostriches, and which is taken into account for grading purposes.3.3.2hair follicl
36、eoccurrence of extended hair roots in an area that is considered unnaturalNOTE If this type of defect is found extensively in two (or more) quarters of the quill area, it will result in a downgrade of one grade.4 Quill developmentThe acceptable norm for a normal quill is a full-bodied round quill fr
37、om which a ripe feather was harvested. Green feather quills tend to be opened/flat/prolonged. A sunken quill is a quill with no body and a distinctive hole in centre; it is the opposite of a green feather quill.Extensive occurrence of under-developed quills in more than two quarters will be reason f
38、or a downgrade of one grade.4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E)5 Presentation of ostrich skins5.1 Trimming of the neck should be carried out by cutting off the smooth area approximately 170 mm from the distinctive line where the quill area ends. The leg may be trimmed th
39、rough the last distinctive line above the middle of the knee.5.2 Reference may be made to Figure 1 for the presentation of an ostrich skin.5.3 The crown is the area with quill markings on the skin, excluding both the neck area down to the wing fold and the flank areas.5.4 The lines dividing the crow
40、n area into the four quarters may be 25 mm wide. The vertical line “A-B” on the diagram (see Figure 1) may stretch from the base of the neck between the wing folds, down to the bottom of the crown. The horizontal line “C-D” on the diagram may stretch between the widest quill markings on either side
41、of the crown area.5.5 Skin sizes: The skin areas for different size groups are as follows:a) A size = 130 to 155 square decimetres;b) B size = 120 to 129 square decimetres;c) C size = 100 to 119 square decimetres;d) D size = 80 to 99 square decimetres.6 Grading on the basis of defects6.1 Defects occ
42、ur in various sizes. For the purpose of grading, standard sizes larger than 44 mm may be regarded as defects.6.2 For grading purposes, the crown area is divided into four quarters as shown in Figure 1. Healed wounds that blend in with the surrounding natural grain should not be considered as defects
43、.6.2.1 Grade 1At least four quarters shall be free from defects.NOTE A small number of visible defects outside the crown area might be allowed.6.2.2 Grade 2Skins classified as grade 2 shall have at least two of the quarters free of any defects.6.2.3 Grade 3Skins classified as grade 3 shall have at l
44、east one of the quarters free of any defects.NOTE Number of visible defects outside the crown areas might be allowed.6.2.4 Grade 4, Grade 5 and rejectsTo determine grade 4, grade 5 and rejects, the following panel may be used.Panel: A rectangular panel (imaginary or physical) to be fitted onto the c
45、rown area of the skin for determining if the skin should be classified as grade 4, grade 5 or reject skin. The panel may be fitted over the cutting lines. The panel sizes to be used for evaluation of the different skin size categories are as follows. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 11398:2012IS
46、O 11398:2012(E)Skin size Panel size for Grade 4 Panel size for Grade 5(square decimetres) (mm) (mm)130 to 155 200 x 300 100 x 150 120 to 129 190 x 290 90 x 140 100 to 119 175 x 265 80 x 130 6.2.4.1 Grade 4Skins classified as grade 4 may have defects in all four of the quarters; however, depending on
47、 the size of the skin, the area covered by the panel shall be free of defects.6.2.4.2 Grade 5Skins classified as grade 5 may have defects in all four of the quarters; however, depending on the size of the skin, the panel shall be free of defects. Grade 5 skins thus are skins which do not qualify as
48、grade 4, but which can accommodate a smaller panel free of defects.6.2.4.3 RejectsThese are skins with extensive damage in the entire crown area, such that a panel free of defects cannot be located, and the skin thus cannot be classified as a grade 5.Figure 1 Presentation of an ostrich skin6 ISO 201
49、2 All rights reservedBS ISO 11398:2012BS ISO 11398:2012ISO 11398:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reservedICS 59.140.20Price based on 6 pagesThis page deliberately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter. British Standards and other standardisation products are published by BSI Standards Limited.British Standards I
