1、BS ISO23909:2008ICS 13.080.05NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDSoil quality Preparation oflaboratory samplesfrom large samplesThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 August2008 BSI 20
2、08ISBN 978 0 580 58666 8Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 23909:2008National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 23909:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations
3、 represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 2
4、3909:2008Reference numberISO 23909:2008(E)ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO23909First edition2008-04-15Soil quality Preparation of laboratory samples from large samples Qualit du sol Prparation des chantillons de laboratoire partir dchantillons de grande taille BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) PD
5、F disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, pa
6、rties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relativ
7、e to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGH
8、T PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
9、ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedBS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights
10、 reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Principle. 2 5 Apparatus 3 6 Procedure 3 6.1 General. 3 6.2 Methods of sample division. 3 6.3 Reduction of sample size. 4 7 Test report . 7 Annex A (informative) Minimum size of
11、subsamples as a function of the maximum size of macro-aggregates or particles present in the sample 8 Bibliography . 10 BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
12、bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizat
13、ions, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in th
14、e ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of
15、the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 23909 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil qual
16、ity, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical methods and soil characteristics. BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vIntroduction The existing International Standards on pretreatment (ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 16720) are based on a laboratory sample of approximately 1 kg. Such a sa
17、mple is considered representative if the maximum size of the particles is 8 mm (in accordance with Table A.1). The representivity also depends on other factors, like an adequate sampling strategy. The mentioned International Standards describe methods to mix and divide and reduce the particle-size,
18、in order to provide a representative test sample. For volatiles, ISO 14507 provides a procedure for taking a test sample. The other specified pretreatment methods will result in a significant loss of the contaminant. This International Standard connects samples taken in accordance with ISO 10381-8 a
19、nd other methods where large samples are obtained with the International Standards concerning pretreatment ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 16720. This International Standard is defined for samples up to typically 25 kg, but is basically also applicable to considerably larger samples. BS ISO 23909:2008B
20、S ISO 23909:2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23909:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Soil quality Preparation of laboratory samples from large samples 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the preparation of laboratory samples from large samples. In accordance with ISO 11464 a
21、nd ISO 14507, the following analyses are considered: determination of physico-chemical parameters; determination of moderate volatile organic contaminants; determination of non-volatile contaminants. This International Standard is not applicable when volatile organic compounds have to be analysed. 2
22、 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10381-8:2006, Soil qual
23、ity Sampling Part 8: Guidance on sampling of stockpiles ISO 11464, Soil quality Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis ISO 14507:2003, Soil quality Pretreatment of samples for determination of organic contaminants ISO 16720, Soil quality Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for su
24、bsequent analysis 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 analytical sample sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or analysis ISO 11074:200533.2 laboratory sample sample intended
25、 for laboratory inspection or testing BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3.3 moderately volatile compounds sum of moderately volatile organic compounds and volatile inorganic compounds (e.g. mercury, arsenic cadmium, thallium) that can be lost during sample preparation
26、(e.g. heating) 3.4 moderately volatile organic compounds organic compound having a boiling point above 300 C (at a pressure of 101 kPa) NOTE This definition includes mineral oil, most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (see Reference 4), polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) (see Reference 2), organochlorin
27、e pesticides (see Reference 2). ISO 14507:2003 3.5 sample subset of a population made up of one or more sampling units NOTE Many different ways, random and not random, of selecting a sample can be envisaged. A collection of data obtained by biased sampling that is unavoidable in many areas (e.g. in
28、human genetics, of families detected through abnormal children), is also a sample. In survey sampling, sampling units are often selected with a probability proportional to the size of a known variable, giving a biased sample. ISO 3534-2:200613.6 sample division bulk material activity in sample prepa
29、ration whereby a sample of bulk material is divided by such means as riffling, mechanical division, or quartering into separate parts, one or more of which is retained ISO 3534-2:200613.7 subsample selected part of a sample NOTE The subsample can be selected by the same method as was used in selecti
30、ng the original sample, but need not be so. ISO 3534-2:200613.8 volatile organic compounds organic compound having a boiling point below 300 C (at a pressure of 101 kPa) NOTE This includes volatile aromatic and volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, as determined in accordance with ISO 150095. Some mono
31、- and dichlorophenols, for instance, and naphthalene also belong to this group. ISO 14507:2003 4 Principle A laboratory sample is prepared from a large sample obtained in the field by manual or automated division. The maximum particle size defines the minimum mass of the subsamples and, if necessary
32、, the degree of size reduction. BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 35 Apparatus In most methods of sample pretreatment, there is a risk that the final composition of the subsample(s) will differ from the composition of the original increments or sample. This can be due t
33、o the nature of the material or the method selected for sample division. Especially, the particle-size reduction is a potential source of large changes in the composition of samples, and is therefore (in principle) only allowed in a fully equipped pretreatment laboratory. Nevertheless, sample divisi
34、on can also result in significant changes in the composition of the material when no or inadequate precautions are taken. Examples include loss of moisture or volatile components due to evaporation and loss of fine particles due to air entrainment. When particle-size reduction is applied, contaminat
35、ion of the sample by abrasion or pick-up from the crushing surfaces, and oxidation of newly exposed surfaces, may also influence the sample integrity. It is therefore preferable to choose a method of sample pretreatment that causes the minimum possible change in composition, particularly with respec
36、t to subsequent requirements of the material. For a description of the equipment used within this International Standard, see ISO 11464 and ISO 10381-8. 6 Procedure 6.1 General Depending on the maximum size of soil aggregates, it is necessary to have a minimum amount of a sample that is representati
37、ve of the site. This is described in Annex A (modified from ISO 10381-8). Following the procedure specified in ISO 10381-8, samples of several kilograms can be sent to the laboratory. To obtain the desired sample which is representative for analyses, it is necessary to mix and divide the sample as w
38、ell as reducing the particle size, because methods of analysis are usually based on a test sample of less than 1 g and up to 50 g. Apart from large samples due to the maximum particle size of the soil material sampled, large samples can also occur due to the application of sampling strategies where
39、large numbers of increments are put together in a composite sample. 6.2 Methods of sample division In accordance with ISO 11464 and ISO 14507, the following analyses are considered: determination of physico-chemical parameters; determination of moderate volatile organic contaminants. Whenever volati
40、le components are to be determined, the process of sample pretreatment can result in a substantial loss of these components. Sample pretreatment shall be omitted in these cases by taking specific samples for the determination of volatile components. These samples shall be sealed directly after sampl
41、ing, cooled and analysed as soon as possible after sampling. The location for sample pretreatment shall be chosen and the location shall be made fit for use by cleaning it of all materials that can influence the integrity of the (sub)sample(s). When all preparations are ready, the sample pretreatmen
42、t shall be carried out using the chosen technique. Remove particles not relevant for the analyses, weigh and describe them. If the largest particle size within the laboratory sample is too big, a stone crusher or another crushing device can be used to reduce the maximum particle size before further
43、reduction to 2 mm. Direct reduction of the particle size to less than 2 mm is only allowed if this does not influence the results. For moderate organic contaminants, losses will occur due to development of heat in such a step. If it is not possible to reduce the maximum particle size to a value whic
44、h can be processed by one of the described techniques, this shall be reported with the remark that it was not possible to obtain a representative subsample and the results shall be considered as indicative. BS ISO 23909:2008ISO 23909:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedUse one of the following pro
45、cedures to obtain a sample of 1 kg: coning and quartering; riffling; Tyler divider; rotating divider. NOTE These procedures are also described in ISO 10381-8. Pretreat the obtained laboratory sample further, in accordance with ISO 11464, ISO 14507 or ISO 16720. The equipment should not contaminate t
46、he sample with substances to be analysed. It can be desirable to dry the sample for a better performance of the stone crusher. This is allowed for physico-chemical analysis and non-degradable organic contaminants. If degradable contaminants are present, the fresh sample should always be used and pre
47、treated as quickly as possible. Having obtained the subsample, it shall be stored directly in a suitable sample container. 6.3 Reduction of sample size 6.3.1 General A sample can be divided into subsamples or analytical samples either mechanically or manually. Potentially, it is preferable to use a
48、mechanical system for subsampling, since this empirically results in more representative subsamples. This is, however, only true when the material is dry and particles can move through a stream of particles on an individual basis. This situation can be realized in the laboratory, but is not possible
49、 for subsampling in the field directly after sampling. If the particles in the sample behave cohesively, mechanical division is often impossible due to cohesion of soil in the system and subsequent blockage of the divider. And even when the mechanical division is still possible, mechanical subsampling devices will probably function incorrectly, and therefore will result in biased subsamples. As a consequence, the manual subsampling methods are often to be preferred for subsamplin
