1、Handbook Radiocommunication BureauRadiocommunication BureauHandbookSPECTRUM MONITORING Edition 2011Printed in SwitzerlandGeneva, 2011ISBN 92-61-13501-3Photo credits: PhotoDisc*36355*SPECTRUM MONITORINGInternational Telecommunication UnionTHE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocomm
2、unication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulato
3、ry and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211
4、 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: brmailitu.int Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations
5、 CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 730 5194 E-mail: salesitu.int The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. HANDBOOK SPECTRUM MONI
6、TORING Edition 2011 Radiocommunication Bureau Spectrum Monitoring iii PREFACE In 2006, Radiocommunication Study Group 1 agreed with Working Party 1C decision to revise some parts of the Spectrum Monitoring Handbook (edition 2002) taking into account the latest developments in digital radio systems a
7、nd the needs of spectrum management regulatory authorities, in particular, those of developing countries. The work was carried out by a first Group of Experts and resulted in the publication in 2008 of a Supplement to the Handbook including complete and self-contained revision of Chapter 3 (Monitori
8、ng Equipment and Automation of Monitoring Operations), Sub-chapter 5.1 (Spacecraft Emission Monitoring) and Annex 1 (Monitoring system planning and Tenders) of the Handbook. In 2008, Radiocommunication Study Group 1 agreed with Working Party 1C decision to revise the other parts of the Handbook and
9、mandated Working Party 1C to prepare and approve the next complete edition with necessary changes to the parts published in the Supplement. A second Group of Experts was established to prepare this fifth edition of the Handbook. Containing the latest information on all aspects of monitoring, the Han
10、dbook represents a valuable reference manual for the spectrum management community. The updated six Chapters and Annex 1 describe in detail the key elements of spectrum monitoring and its relationship to spectrum management. In addition, the Handbook contains many references that can be consulted fo
11、r additional details. The Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring is intended for the use by administrations of both developing and developed countries and by the Radiocommunication Bureau. The Handbook will also be useful to radiocommunication engineers everywhere. Franois Rancy Director Radiocommunication
12、 Bureau Spectrum Monitoring v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . v FOREWORD vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix INTRODUCTION BY THE RAPPORTEUR xi CHAPTER 1 SPECTRUM MONITORING AS A KEY FUNCTION OF A SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1 CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATION, PHYSICAL STRUCTURES AND PERSONNEL . 25
13、 CHAPTER 3 MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION OF MONITORING OPERATIONS . 91 CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENTS 179 CHAPTER 5 SPECIFIC MONITORING SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES 365 CHAPTER 6 FUNDAMENTALS AND SUPPORTING TOOLS . 537 ANNEX 1 TO THE HANDBOOK MONITORING SYSTEM PLANNING AND TENDERS 619 Spectrum Monitoring vi
14、i FOREWORD Due to the growing demands on the radio frequency spectrum, it is of great importance that spectrum monitoring techniques keep track with advances in radiocommunication technology and to disseminate such information the world over. Since the 2002 edition of this Handbook, significant impr
15、ovements in monitoring techniques have taken place. Accordingly, Radiocommunication Study Group 1 entrusted Working Party 1C (WP 1C) with the task of revising the Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring for the benefit of developing and developed countries. The radio frequency spectrum is a limited natural
16、resource and it is essential that it is used in the most effective and efficient manner by all radiocommunication users the world over. This is so that various radiocommunication networks can function in an interference-free radio environment. Radiocommunication technology is advancing at a rapid pa
17、ce. With the emerging of new technologies and the phenomenal growth of radiocommunication services, requirements for the radio frequency spectrum and the satellite orbit are increasing at an astronomical rate. Effective and efficient spectrum management is the key element for ensuring the co-existen
18、ce of various radiocommunication networks, without causing interference to each other. Spectrum monitoring is one of the essential tools of spectrum management. Spectrum monitoring techniques are developed to ensure that technical parameters and standards for radiocommunication systems are adhered t
19、o. In addition spectrum monitoring assists in promoting the efficient utilisation of the radio frequency spectrum and the satellite orbit. Spectrum monitoring techniques are different from those of a radiocommunication network in that they are carried out in non-optimal situations and in an unknown
20、environment. This Handbook has been developed covering all essential features of spectrum monitoring techniques and activities including the establishment of monitoring facilities. The Handbook is expected to be of great value to administrations and spectrum monitoring agencies. It is considered to
21、be equally valuable to the developing as well as to developed countries. We convey our great appreciation to Mr. Ralf Trautmann (Germany), Chairman of the WP 1C Rapporteur Group on the complete revision of the Handbook, Mr. Alain Jacquet (France), Chairman of the WP 1C Rapporteur Group responsible f
22、or the development of the Supplement to the 2002 edition of the Handbook, sub-coordinators, contributors, participants and all those who have been instrumental in the development of this Handbook and without whose efforts this Handbook would not have been a reality. Our special gratitude is also due
23、 to Mr Philippe Aubineau, Counsellor of the Radiocommunication Bureau who has played a key role in the development of the Handbook. It is hoped that this Handbook will prove to be a great asset in the field of spectrum management and spectrum monitoring for establishment and operation of monitoring
24、facilities. It should provide essential tools for spectrum management and for the performance of radiocommunication networks in an interference-free environment. Rob Haines Chairman, Study Group 1 Spectrum Management Jan Verduijn Vice-Chairman, Study Group 1 Chairman, Working Party 1C Spectrum Monit
25、oring Techniques Spectrum Monitoring ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express appreciation to all ITU Member States, Sector Members and companies who supported the development of this Handbook for their contributions, participation and hosting of meetings. We want to acknowledge the following in
26、dividuals named in alphabetical order who sent contributions to this new edition of the Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring and to the Supplement of the 2002 edition of the Handbook, which has been incorporated in this new edition. The relevant Chapter and Section numbers are given in parentheses for th
27、e authors who accepted responsibility as Chapter Rapporteur or Section Rapporteur. Mr. Mubarak Al-Sawafi, Sultanate of Oman (Chapter 5); Mr. Uzi Ben-Yakov, Tadiran Electronic Systems (Section 2.7); Mr. Robert Cutler, Agilent Technologies, Inc; Mr. Francois Delaveau, Thales; Mr. Saad Dera, Kingdom of
28、 Saudi Arabia (Chapter 1); Mr. Pierre-Jean Dumay, France; Mr. Tamas Egri, Hungary; Mr. Thomas Hasenpusch, Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 4.9, 5.3, 5.7); Mr. Roland Heister, Federal Republic of Germany; Mr. James Higgins, United States of America (Sections 2.4, 2.6); Mr. Alain Jacquet, France
29、(Supplement), Mr. Sungmoon Kim, Republic of Korea; Mr. Fryderyk Lewicki, Telekomunikacja Polska; Mr. Zhuoran Liu, Peoples Republic of China (Section 5.1); Mr. Yvon Livran, Thales; Mr. Fabio Santos Lobao, Brazil (Sections 5.2, 5.6); Mr. Haim Mazar, Israel, (Chapter 2 and Sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4,
30、6.11); Mr. Klaus Mecher, Federal Republic of Germany; Mr. Philippe Mege, Thales; Mr. Makoto Miyazono, Japan; Ms. Soon Hee Park, Republic of Korea; Mr. David Pasquereau, Thales (Section 4.7); Mr. Alexander Pavlyuk, Russian Federation (Chapter 6); Mr. Olivier Pellay, France (Chapter 4 and Section 6.9)
31、; Mr. Ulrich Pennig, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 4.10); Mr. Christof Rohner, Rohde Ms. Mi-Kyung Suk, Republic of Korea; Mr. Peter Tomka, Hungary (Annex 1); Mr. Erik van Maanen, Kingdom of the Netherlands; Mr. Zhixin Wang, Peoples Republic of China (Section 2.5); Mr. Roy B. Woolsey, TCI Inte
32、rnational, Inc. (Chapter 3). We would also like to thank the many others who have contributed to the Handbook by participating in meetings and providing fruitful advice and comments. Spectrum Monitoring xi INTRODUCTION The development of this edition . The last edition of the Handbook (HB) on Spectr
33、um Monitoring had been published in 2002. Due to developments in telecommunication and monitoring technology, Working Party 1C (WP 1C) decided at its meeting in October 2006 to install a Rapporteurs Group (RG) chaired by Mr. Alain Jacquet (France) for the revision of parts of that Handbook. In its J
34、une 2008 meeting, WP 1C approved new texts for Chapter 3 on monitoring equipment and automation of monitoring operations, Section 5.1 on spacecraft emission monitoring and Annex 1 on monitoring system planning and tenders, which were published as a Supplement to the Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring,
35、Edition 2002. In order to review also the remaining parts of the 2002 Handbook, WP 1C installed a new RG chaired by Mr. Ralf Trautmann (Germany). The objective of the new RG was to publish a complete new edition of the Handbook, including the text of the Supplement, and to complete its work before t
36、he 2010 meeting of WP 1C, for approval of the new complete edition of the handbook at that meeting. To organise the work, the RG held 4 meetings, 25 February to 4 March 2009 in Seoul, 16-23 September 2009 in Geneva, 1-10 February 2010 in Geneva and 3-9 June 2010 in Mainz. More than 165 input documen
37、ts submitted by Member States, Sector Members and SG 1 Associates (e.g. equipment manufacturers) resulted in amendments to and revisions of existing sections and complete new sections. These contributions in turn resulted in proposals for the modification and improvement of the HB structure. Due to
38、this interdependence the HB structure was continuously further developed. As a result the RG refined the HB text substantially and improved in particular the logical delimitation between the various Chapters. The text of this Handbook was approved by WP 1C during its meeting in September 2010 in Ams
39、terdam. The Handbook consists of the following parts with the responsible Chapter Rapporteurs indicated on the right: Chapter 1 Spectrum monitoring as a key function of a Mr. Saad Dera spectrum management system (Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of) Chapter 2 Organization, Physical, Structures and Personnel Dr
40、. H. Mazar (Israel) Chapter 3 Equipment Dr. Roy B. Woolsey (TCI International, Inc) Chapter 4 Measurements Mr. O. Pellay (France) Chapter 5 Specific monitoring systems and procedures Mr. M. Al-Sawafi (Oman, Sultanate of) Chapter 6 Fundamentals and supporting tools Dr. A. Pavlyuk (Russian Federation)
41、 Annex 1 Monitoring system planning and tenders Mr. P. Tomka (Hungary) xii Spectrum Monitoring A short historical retrospect . The CCIR published the first edition of the Handbook for Monitoring Stations in 1968 (supplemented in 1971). The next edition was published 20 years later in 1988. Just a fe
42、w years later in 1995 there was a need for the publication of a further edition with a major revision of the HB structure. Still there was no clear separation between sections related to equipment and measurement procedures. This problem was first solved by the 2002 edition. The structure of that ed
43、ition still forms the basis for the new edition. With this new edition the separation between the various chapters was further improved. Old material was up-dated and a lot of new material was incorporated, e. g. the introduction of radar measurement techniques and measurements on time difference of
44、 arrival. Purpose of this Handbook . The radio spectrum is used literally by everybody. There are a lot of applications like burglar alarm, cordless headphones and microphones, radio LAN, remote keys, remote switches and other remote controls in our personal environment. Some users may not be aware
45、that these are radio applications and a service degradation of these applications may be perceived as malfunction instead of radio interference. Other applications like cellular radio and broadcasting and radio operators as police, ambulance, air traffic control and armed forces are more intuitively
46、 linked with radio. Anyway, the vital importance of the radio spectrum for modern societies has been extensively discussed elsewhere and is commonly accepted and understood. Radio monitoring, in contrast, requires much more explanation. The purpose of spectrum monitoring is to support the spectrum m
47、anagement process in general and to solve interference problems. And in addition it has to be clearly stated that spectrum monitoring has nothing in common with radio surveillance. In spectrum monitoring the content of an emission may be used to identify a radio station or to determine the service q
48、uality. However, the message as such is of no interest. The purpose of this Handbook is to provide information and to give guidance to all those who are involved in the process of spectrum monitoring: managers, operators, maintenance staff, instructors and procurement managers. In whose interest the
49、 Chapters are . Chapter 1 of this Handbook describes the relationship between spectrum monitoring and spectrum management and the involvement in the international monitoring system. Chapter 2 continues with the tasks of a spectrum monitoring service, its structure and organisation and finally leading to the various types of monitoring stations including personnel for operation and maintenance. These two Chapters may be the most important ones for those who are involved in the design and the management of a spectrum monitoring system. Chapter 3 describes the eq
