1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T D.50TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 1(04/2011) SERIES D: GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES General tariff principles Principles applicable to GII-Internet International Internet connection Supplement 1: General considerations for traffi
2、c measurement and options for international internet connectivity Recommendation ITU-T D.50 Supplement 1 ITU-T D-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES TERMS AND DEFINITIONS D.0 GENERAL TARIFF PRINCIPLES Private leased telecommunication facilities D.1D.9 Tariff principles applying to data
3、communication services over dedicated public data networks D.10D.39 Charging and accounting in the international public telegram service D.40D.44 Charging and accounting in the international telemessage service D.45D.49 Principles applicable to GII-Internet D.50D.59Charging and accounting in the int
4、ernational telex service D.60D.69 Charging and accounting in the international facsimile service D.70D.75 Charging and accounting in the international videotex service D.76D.79 Charging and accounting in the international phototelegraph service D.80D.89 Charging and accounting in the mobile services
5、 D.90D.99 Charging and accounting in the international telephone service D.100D.159 Drawing up and exchange of international telephone and telex accounts D.160D.179 International sound- and television-programme transmissions D.180D.184 Charging and accounting for international satellite services D.1
6、85D.189 Transmission of monthly international accounting information D.190D.191 Service and privilege telecommunications D.192D.195 Settlement of international telecommunication balances of accounts D.196D.209 Charging and accounting principles for international telecommunication services provided o
7、ver the ISDN D.210D.269 Charging and accounting principles for next generation networks (NGN) D.270D.279 Charging and accounting principles for universal personal telecommunication D.280D.284 Charging and accounting principles for intelligent network supported services D.285D.299 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
8、 REGIONAL APPLICATION Recommendations applicable in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin D.300D.399 Recommendations applicable in Latin America D.400D.499 Recommendations applicable in Asia and Oceania D.500D.599 Recommendations applicable to the African Region D.600D.699 For further details, please r
9、efer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) i Recommendation ITU-T D.50 International Internet connection Supplement 1 General considerations for traffic measurement and options for international internet connectivity Summary Supplement 1 to Recommendation ITU-T D.50
10、 provides considerations and options for traffic measurement in support of the provisions of Recommendation ITU-T D.50. It identifies different approaches for measuring IP traffic flow at the interconnect (at the Border Gateway Protocol interconnect or other interconnect point) between networks oper
11、ated by administrations and operating agencies authorized by Member States. IP traffic flows can be measured at different points, including at the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) interconnect point (for example by hardware or software within or external to BGP routers or related equipment). This Suppl
12、ement is not intended to imply the need for any changes in the IETF Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Options for traffic measurement that are not addressed in this Supplement are for further study. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T D.50 2000-10-06 3 1.1 ITU-T D.50 (2000) Am
13、d. 1 2004-06-04 3 2.0 ITU-T D.50 2008-10-30 3 3.0 ITU-T D.50 2011-04-01 3 3.1 ITU-T D.50 Suppl. 1 2011-04-01 3 ii Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and co
14、mmunication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
15、 The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resoluti
16、on 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a
17、recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words
18、 “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the
19、practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication developm
20、ent process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore stron
21、gly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Pu
22、rposes/rationale . 1 3 References. 1 4 Approaches/mechanisms to estimate traffic flows . 1 4.1 Architecture of traffic measurements . 2 4.2 Types of measurements 2 4.3 Location of measurements 2 4.4 Effect of connectivity and routing on measurements . 2 4.5 Correlation and analysis . 2 4.6 Schematic
23、 process 2 Appendix I Additional considerations 3 I.1 Approaches/mechanisms to estimate traffic flows . 3 Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) 1 Recommendation ITU-T D.50 International Internet connection Supplement 1 General considerations for traffic measurement and options for international internet
24、 connectivity 1 Scope This Supplement provides considerations and options for traffic measurement in support of the provisions of Recommendation ITU-T D.50. It identifies different approaches for measuring IP traffic flow at the interconnect (at the Border Gateway Protocol interconnect or other inte
25、rconnect point) between networks operated by administrations and operating agencies authorized by Member States. IP traffic flows can be measured at different points, including at the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) interconnect point (for example by hardware or software within or external to BGP rout
26、ers or related equipment). This Supplement is not intended to imply the need for any changes in the IETF Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Options for traffic measurement that are not addressed in this Supplement are for further study.12 Purposes/rationale Recommendation ITU-T D.50 recommends that the
27、value of traffic flow be one of the elements, amongst others, to be taken into account by parties involved in the provision of international Internet connections in their bilateral commercial arrangements, or other arrangements. Furthermore, Appendix I of ITU-T D.50 indicates that the agreed level o
28、f traffic exchanged may also be taken into consideration. This Supplement provides an overview of possible approaches for measuring IP traffic flow between networks. The choice of which approach would be used and how the traffic measurement data collected would be used in an international Internet c
29、onnection is typically determined by negotiations between the concerned parties. This Supplement provides general considerations for measuring traffic flow to be referred to in bilateral negotiation. As technologies and networks evolve, new methods could be developed for measuring traffic flow. This
30、 Supplement is not meant to be exclusive. 3 References ITU-T D.50 Recommendation ITU-T D.50 (2008), International Internet connection. 4 Approaches/mechanisms to estimate traffic flows This Supplement, noting the possibility under ITU-T D.50, provides considerations on estimating the flow of IP traf
31、fic at the interconnect between networks. The traffic flows referred to in ITU-T D.50 can be measured at the interconnect. Approaches and mechanisms to establish traffic flow measurement may include but not be limited to the following considerations. _ 1This Supplement benefits from the ongoing cont
32、ributions and work of the Study Group 3 International Internet Connectivity (IIC) and Traffic Flow Multifactors (TFMF) Rapporteur Groups. 2 Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) 4.1 Architecture of traffic measurements In general, traffic measurements are made at the interconnect between networks. There
33、 can be multiple links between networks at multiple, geographically separate locations. In addition, routing within and between networks can direct traffic flows on different paths between networks in each direction. Therefore, the information gathered at the measurement points must be collected, ag
34、gregated and processed before it can be used. 4.2 Types of measurements The fundamental traffic flow measurements include a number of key elements. Routing information, using a variety of protocols, can be used to aggregate and correlate traffic measurements. 4.3 Location of measurements 4.3.1 Traff
35、ic measurement In general, the device measuring traffic flow is located in the data path of the traffic, preferably at the interconnect itself. IP traffic flow measurements can be performed by a border router at the interconnect while forwarding the traffic or by a traffic measurement probe attached
36、 to a line or a monitored port on network equipment at the interconnect. 4.3.2 Routing information collection Although not required for flow analysis, for enhanced reporting an operator can collect information on the routing paths for traffic exchanged with a peer. Such routing information can be co
37、llected from information exchanged using a variety of available protocols, including the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). 4.4 Effect of connectivity and routing on measurements Traffic measurement depends on the connectivity between networks and routing paths available for the traffic to follow. In ge
38、neral, a network will only be able to measure traffic that crosses its facilities. 4.5 Correlation and analysis Traffic measurements collected from various measurement points are aggregated and transmitted back to a collection point for analysis. The derived information can be combined with routing
39、information collected to analyze traffic flows based on the path the traffic takes through the network. This information can be combined with other information, e.g., financial information, business goals, etc., when determining bilateral commercial agreements on interconnections. 4.6 Schematic proc
40、ess When the measuring point detects traffic passing the interconnect, it checks the packet header to obtain information about the packet, including total length of packet and length of the IP header. From this information the traffic flow to which this packet belongs can be identified and the size
41、of the packet (total length minus IP header length) can be calculated. Alternatively, a sample of packets transiting the interconnect can be counted. This information is added to the traffic flow. The traffic measurements collected can be used in negotiating commercial agreements between two parties
42、. Rec. ITU-T D.50/Suppl.1 (04/2011) 3 Appendix I Additional considerations I.1 Approaches/mechanisms to estimate traffic flows This Supplement, noting the possibility under ITU-T D.50, provides considerations on estimating the flow of IP traffic at the interconnect between networks. The Internet Eng
43、ineering Task Force (IETF), as the organization that defines standards for the Internet infrastructure, have developed methods for measuring IP traffic flow and reporting those measurements, for example IPFIX RFC 3917. It should be noted that the capabilities defined for IPFIX are for generalized IP
44、 networks including Service Provider, Enterprise, consumer, etc., networks and not all the capabilities described therein are appropriate for application to the international interconnect. The traffic flows referred to in ITU-T D.50 should be measured at the interconnect. I.1.1 Architecture of traff
45、ic measurements This Supplement follows the architecture and reference model for flow measurements defined by IETF in RFC 5470 as applied to an international Internet interconnection. In general, traffic measurements are made at the interconnect between networks. There can be multiple links between
46、networks at multiple, geographically separate locations. In addition, routing within and between networks can direct traffic flows on different paths between networks in each direction. Therefore, the information gathered at the measurement points must be collected, aggregated and processed before i
47、t can be used. Due to the large amount of data available for collection, network operators (i.e., administrations or operating agencies authorized by Member States) can choose to use sampling and aggregation techniques to reduce the amount of measurement data collected and to reduce the load on the
48、measurement equipment. The typical traffic measurement system consists of three basic parts: a flow source, a flow collector, and a flow analyzer. The flow source typically resides on the IP network routing hardware itself, but also can reside on a separate device that can detect network traffic (e.
49、g., port mirroring, passive optical splitter) or on a middle-box (e.g., firewall, session border controller). The flow source hardware must either provide standards-based access to flow data (e.g., via SNMP) or have the ability to generate standards-based flow records (e.g., IPFIX). For measuring traffic at the interconnect, the flow source should be as close as possible to the interconnect point. The flow collector must have the ability to poll and/or capture flow data and store it in a format suitable for furthe
