NACE 7L192-2009 Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Deep Water Projects (Item No 24165)《深水项目的阴极保护设计注意事项 项目编号24165》.pdf
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1、Item No. 24165NACE International Publication 7L192 (2009 Edition) This Technical Committee Report has been prepared by NACE International Task Group 269,* “Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Deep Water Projects” Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Deep Water Projects January 200
2、9, NACE International This NACE International (NACE) technical committee report represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using pr
3、oducts, processes, or procedures not included in this report. Nothing contained in this NACE report is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying o
4、r protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This report should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials not discussed herein. Neither is this report intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circu
5、mstances may negate the usefulness of this report in specific instances. NACE assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this report by other parties. Users of this NACE report are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for d
6、etermining their applicability in relation to this report prior to its use. This NACE report may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this report. Us
7、ers of this NACE report are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this
8、report. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition of this report. NACE reports are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time without prior notice. NACE reports are automatically withdrawn if more than 10 years old. Purchasers of NACE reports
9、may receive current information on all NACE publications by contacting the NACE FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281-228-6200). Foreword This report presents an extensive review of literature that addresses the application of cathodic protectio
10、n (CP) in the oceans at depths greater than 300 m (1,000 ft) and insight from NACE members actively involved in offshore deep water activities. In some instances, review of literature addressing the application of CP in somewhat shallower water is presented as it affords a basis for comparison with
11、deeper water applications. Environmental factors encountered in deep water and their effects on cathodic polarization behavior of steel and calcareous deposit formation are discussed. Deep water field test results and operating experiences are presented. CP design considerations for deep water that
12、include initial and maintenance current densities, anode performance, and alternative approaches for corrosion protection in deep water are also discussed. Future data needs are identified. _ * Chair William H. Thomason, ConocoPhillips (retired), Ponca City, OK. NACE International 2 The anticipated
13、audience for this report is corrosion and project engineers responsible for the design, maintenance, and operation of external corrosion protection systems for submerged areas of deep water projects. The goal is to provide technical and practical information to assist these engineers. Another antici
14、pated audience is researchers involved with deep water for which the information, references, and data sources provided will be useful. This report was originally developed by NACE Task Group T-7L-8, “Corrosion in Deep Water,” a component of Unit Committee T-7L, “Cathodic Protection,” and was publis
15、hed by NACE in 1992 under the auspices of Group Committee T-7, “Corrosion by Waters.” NACE Task Group (TG) 269, “Cathodic Protection Design for Deep Water,” was formed to update the 1992 report and in doing this, the committee included new industry experience and research results. Both Task Group T-
16、7L-8 and TG 269 were composed of representatives from the offshore oil/gas production and corrosion control industries. This report supplements NACE SP0176, “Corrosion Control of Submerged Areas of Permanently Installed Steel Offshore Structures Associated with Petroleum Production.” This technical
17、committee report is issued under the auspices of STG 30, “Oil and Gas ProductionCathodic Protection.” NACE technical committee reports are intended to convey technical information or state-of-the-art knowledge regarding corrosion. In many cases, they discuss specific applications of corrosion mitiga
18、tion technology, whether considered successful or not. Statements used to convey this information are factual and are provided to the reader as input and guidance for consideration when applying this technology in the future. However, these statements are not intended to be requirements or recommend
19、ations for general application of this technology, and must not be construed as such. Introduction The development of offshore energy resources is rapidly moving into water depths of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and greater. This trend to deep water energy resources is a direct response to successful explora
20、tion, as shown in Figure 1. Because steel is usually the major construction material for these facilities, effective corrosion control is utilized for the safe operation of long-term production facilities that are typically required to develop these resources. CP is probably used in some form for lo
21、ng-term corrosion protection of subsea steel components. Thousands of CP applications during the last 50 years have enabled the offshore industry to develop reliable and efficient CP systems for water depths less than 300 m (1,000 ft). However, changes in the characteristics of the seawater environm
22、ent at greater depths raises the concern that CP design for shallow waters is not always adequate for deeper waters. Oil and gas production in deeper waters commonly results in greater cost for the project and also increases the cost for any failures or remedial actions. Because deep water productio
23、n facilities are large, expensive, and usually weight-sensitive, overdesign of the CP system to handle uncertainties is often very costly. Because of the great water depths involved, subsea repair or replacement of components is neither technically nor economically feasible in many cases. Consequent
24、ly, the designer is forced to develop corrosion protection designs with a greater reliability than normally used for shallow depths. Increasing the weight of the CP system to achieve this reliability frequently has a dramatic effect in increasing structural requirements which, consequently, greatly
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