1、2011 年大连外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、判断题1 The clear /l/ and the dark / / are in free variation.（A）True（B） False2 Anaphor is used in a broad sense to include only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.（A）True（B） False3 Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carr
2、ied out in a certain social environment by human beings.（A）True（B） False4 A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.（A）True（B） False5 Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components, will be synonymous to each other.（A）True（B） False6 To
3、tell whether a sound is a vowel or not, we should judge its manners of articulation and the places of articulation.（A）True（B） False7 A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.（A）True（B） False8 Gender contrast in English language can only be observed in a small number of nouns, and, they a
4、re mainly of the natural gender type.（A）True（B） False9 A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of simultaneous distinctive features.（A）True（B） False10 WORD refers to the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item or a lexeme.（A）True（B） False11
5、Neurocognition is one of the major subjects of research in the area of psycholinguistics.（A）True（B） False12 A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.（A）True（B） False13 Some polymorphemic
6、 words are compounds.（A）True（B） False14 English sounds1andrare liquids.（A）True（B） False15 Chomskys T. G. grammar has been considered by many people as an insurrection against Bloomfieldian linguistics and behaviorist psychology.（A）True（B） False16 If someone actually says “Sximtrapmytaah“ , she/he ha
7、s made an utterance.（A）True（B） False17 Presuppostion is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the first necessarily follows from the truth of the second, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.（A）True（B） False18 A corpus is a collection of
8、linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as recorded speech.（A）True（B） False19 Duality means that language has the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level consists of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principl
9、es of organization.（A）True（B） False20 New information is generally located in the THEME. Of course, high pitch and key also reveals where the new information is.（A）True（B） False二、填空题21 Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter.(Write complete w
10、ord forms on your answer sheet).(10 points)The p_function of language is primarily to maintain the social status of people.22 Chomskys I_Hypothesis believes that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learni
11、ng.23 S_ relation is the relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.24 Grammatical words are also known as f_words.25 Prepositional 1_is the study of the truth conditions for propositions.26 Pairs of words which show the reversal of a relationship b
12、etween the two are categorized as c_ antonymy.27 Developmental errors are errors within the target language itself, such as o_.28 Optimal r_is said to reduce all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, to a single principle.29 Words such as prince and princess are cases that show English g_contrast
13、.30 When constituent items are subordinate to the Head, they form e_ constructions.三、单项选择题31 The _ nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.（A）recursive（B） creative（C） arbitrary（D）culturally transmissible32 _ mani
14、fest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.（A）Roots（B） Stems（C） Derivational affixes（D）Inflectional affixes33 Retire is a_.（A）compound word（B） free morpheme with a prefix re-（C） morpheme word（D）bound morpheme with a prefix re-34 The phenomenon
15、 that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of_.（A）phonetic similarity（B） free variation（C） complementary distribution（D）allomorphs35 The following terms all refer to changes in sound leading to changes in form EXCEPT_.（A）metathesis（B） assimilation
16、（C） addition（D）narrowing36 The constraints on words in a paradigmatic relation, different from those in a syntagmatic relation, are _only.（A）semantic（B） lexical（C） syntactic（D）sequential37 The following segmentation of the sentence “The student/likes/the new linguistic professor“ truthfully reveals
17、the_nature of sentence structure.（A）hierarchical（B） linear（C） horizontal（D）parallel38 The word fan is formed by the way of_.（A）acronymy（B） clipping（C） back-formation（D）blending39 _refers to the abstract properties of an entity; while_ refers to the concrete entities having these properties.（A）Refere
18、nce, denotation（B） Connotation, denotation（C） Sense, connotation（D）Denotation, connotation40 The following sounds share one feature EXCEPT_.（A）n（B） （C） m（D）p41 That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of_.（A）Halliday（B） Saussure（C） Chomsky（D）Firth42 Of the fol
19、lowing_does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.（A）gradable antonymy（B） converse antonymy（C） complementary antonymy（D）complete antonymy43 _is not included in Firths famous Context of Situation theory.（A）The non-verbal action of the participants（B） The properties of the phonematic units（C）
20、The relevant objects（D）The effects of the verbal action44 The phrase backwash effect is often used in_.（A）systemic functional grammar（B） error analysis（C） testing（D）sociolinguistics45 We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in _.（A）transformational generative grammar（B） systemic function
21、al grammar（C） traditional grammar（D）structural grammar46 The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT_.（A）Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural context（B） Language has a form-sound correspondence（C） Language is a means of communication（D）Language is not related to a
22、ny of the individuals who use it47 Because_ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.（A）voicing（B） nasalization（C） place（D）aspiration48 Syntactic deep structure was developed to_.（A）explain relations between the sentences with the same meaning（B） e
23、xplain a single sentence with more than one meaning（C） explain relations between the sentences with different meaning（D）both A and B49 In general, linguistic change in_of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar.（A）the sound system（B） the vocabulary（C） the syntax（D）the
24、 sound system and the vocabulary50 Although English has borrowed most heavily from French, other languages have also made contributions. For example, tea, typhoon, and silk are from_, and seminar, noodle and poodle are from_.（A）China; German（B） Hindi; German（C） China; Hindi（D）Turkish; China51 _does
25、NOT belong to semantic changes.（A）Broadening（B） Borrowing（C） Folk etymology（D）Class shift52 The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is _.（A）context-independent（B） concrete and context-dependent（C） the sum total of its components（D）never remains
26、stable53 Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of（A）kandg（B） kandn（C） gandh（D）handk54 _represents the deep structure Q Mary pres be pleased SOME REASON.（A）For some reason Mary is pleased.（B） Mary is pleased for some reason.（C） Why is Mary pleased?
27、（D）Why Mary is pleased?55 Pair_belongs to the category of gradable antonyms.（A）over/under（B） weak/strong（C） open/shut（D）sell/buy56 Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of_ of illocutionary acts.（A）representatives（B） declaratives（C） commissives（D）expressives57 Speakers of particular so
28、cial groups, such as teenagers, criminals, soldiers, or pop-groups, have their “in-group“ language called _.（A）taboo（B） jargon（C） pidgin（D）dialect58 _ refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is formed by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.
29、（A）Analogical creation（B） Acronym（C） Abbreviation（D）Back-formation59 The process of word formation by shifting the word class to change the meaning of a word is called _.（A）broadening（B） meaning shift（C） conversion（D）narrowing60 The characteristics of conversational implicature are the following EXC
30、EPT_.（A）Calculability（B） Non-detachability（C） Non-conventionality（D）Non-relevancy61 _ are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords.（A）Stresses（B） Liaisons（C） Intonations（D）Tones62 The following factors contribute to the formation of new pronunciation
31、EXCEPT_.（A）loss of sound（B） addition（C） assimilation（D）gliding63 The sense relation which holds the pair of words guesthost is _.（A）homonymy（B） complementary antonymy（C） hyponymy（D）converse antonymy64 A curriculum does NOT provide _.（A）a specification of what takes place in the classroom（B） detailed
32、 specification of aims, objectives in learning（C） implementation of a program（D）general statements about the rationale about language65 _can be regarded as one of the intralingual errors(developmental errors).（A）Because it was raining, so we took a taxi home.（B） Though it was late, but we went on wo
33、rking.（C） He goed to school earlier that day.（D）He teach chemistry in a middle school.66 The sense relation which holds the pair of words beefmeat is _.（A）synonymy（B） hyponymy（C） homonymy（D）converse antonymy67 In plain English BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)means_.（A）x becomes x（B） x does not become x（C） x becom
34、es not alive（D）x becomes alive not68 The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is _.（A）Boas（B） Sapir（C） Bloomfield（D）Nida69 Chomsky follows_._ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.（A）relationalism（B） behaviorism（C） empiricism（D）formalism70 In Hallidays view, _processes ar
35、e those in which something is done.（A）material（B） relational（C） verbal（D）mental四、简答题71 Use your knowledge of semantics to explain what makes the following humorous.(10 points)a. Question: How do you stop an elephant from charging? Answer:Take away his credit card.b. “巴乔在前有追兵、后有堵截的情况下带球冲入禁区。“72 What
36、happens to the vowels in such words as pen, hand, fine, and pond? Explain briefly the processes of sound change they have gone through.(20 points)73 Specify what type/branch of linguistic study will most likely deal with each of the following research questions.(10 points)A. What factors will influe
37、nce the reliability of software to evaluate students writings?B. Are there certain variations in the pronunciation of the sound1between people in the South and North in China?C. Is it possible to use this device to recognize the kidnappers voice among thousands of calls you get every day?D. Are ther
38、e anything lost when we translate a sentence into a logical form?E. What are the advantages of performing pedagogical tasks in class?F. Does the universal quantifier presuppose the existence of an entity named by the argument?G. Is it possible to find ways that can make context of speech explicit?H.
39、 How does language represent the way human beings perceive and conceptualize the world? I. Has blending become the major means by which people create new words today? J. In what kind of context will the production of a sound be influenced by a neighboring sound?74 Try to imagine situations in which
40、the following may occur. Discuss the language functions that these sentences mainly perform.(10 points)a. Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!b. The new president of the university is now delivering a speech at the main hall, c. “盼盼“ refers to the panda on page five.d. How do you get four elephants i
41、nto a Volkswagen? Two in the front and two in the back!75 Analyze the construction The boy ate the apple by means of both TREE DIAGRAM and BRACKETING in detail.(10 points)76 Observe the following examples of Orientational Metaphors and then describe their characteristics.(20 points)a. Im feeling up.
42、b. That boosted my spirits.c. My spirits rose.d. Youre in high spirits.e. Thinking about her always gives me a lift.f. Im feeling down.g. Im depressed.h. Hes really low these days. i. I fell into a depression. j. My spirits sank.2011 年大连外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、判断题1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查音位变体和自由变体。同一个音位在
43、不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。l和 都是音位l的变体，前者出现在元音前，后者出现在元音后，两者处于互补分布中，不出现在相同的环境中。如果两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，即用一个音素替换另一个音素不产生一个新词，仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音，那么这两个音素处于自由变体。2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查回指和回指语。回指(anaphora)是指一个(往往是简略的)语言表达式用来指代同一篇章中(通常是上文已经出现过的，但也不排除是下文中的)另一个语言表达式所表达的意义或事物，其中前一个表达式叫做回指语(anaphor)。回指语从狭义上来理解，只包括 mysel
44、f 这样的反身代词和 each other 这样的相互代词。3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言与社会的关系。语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。4 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查词干。词干指能加屈折词缀的语素(组合)，它相当于词根或词根加派生词缀。5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查同义关系。两个有相同语义成分的单词或词组之间是同义关系。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查元音和辅音。音段分为辅音和元音两类。声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，气流在口腔内转向、受阻或完全被阻挡，由此产生辅音。相反，元音不受这样的阻碍，所以也不会有气流的紊乱或停滞。
45、辅音分类时要考虑发音器官之间的关系，气流经过声道的某些部位时的方式以及声道的哪些部位产生气流的摩擦。7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查音位和语素之间的对应。一个音位可能代表一个语素，但是两者之间并不对等。8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查性别对比。英语中的性别对比只出现在代词和少数几个名词之中，而且都是很自然的性别类型。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查音位。音位是语音中的最小单位，它还可以再分，因为它具备一套区别性特征。10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查词的定义。词是一组形式之下的共同要素，是词汇的单位，是一个词条，或是一个词位。11 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查神经
46、认知(语言认知结构)和心理语言学。心理语言学是对语言心理方面的研究，通常研究的是与语言行为相关的心理状态和思维活动。作为语言学和心理学的交叉学科，心理语言学主要有以下六个研究方向：语言习得、语言理解、语言输出、语言混乱、语言和思维、语言认知结构。12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查言内行为。发话行为是“说话”这一行为本身，它大体与传统意义上的“意指”相同，即指发出语音、音节，说出单词、短语和句子等。13 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查多语素词和复合词。复合词指那些由一个以上的词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成的新的形式。有些多语素词是复合词。14 【正确答案】 A【试题解
47、析】 考查英语中的流音。气流在口腔中部分受阻，但还不至于引起摩擦，气流可以从舌尖、两侧或口腔上部逸出而形成的音，称为流音。英语中流音有l和r。15 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查乔姆斯基的转换生成语法。乔姆斯基的转换生成语法不同于布龙菲尔德派系的语言学和行为主义者的观点，他对这两者提出了挑战。他在哲学上遵循的是理性主义，而在心理学上遵循的是心灵主义。16 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查话语。话语指运用中的语言。其构造单位相当于句子或大于句子，是特定社会语境中人与人之间从事沟通的具体言语行为，即一定的说话人与受话人之间在特定社会语境中通过文本而展开的沟通活动，包括说话人、受话人、文本、沟
48、通、语境等要素。它并不指向某个具体句子等，而是与语义研究角度相关。17 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查预设。预设是一个命题以另一个命题为先决条件的意义关系。如果 A 命题为真，B 命题必为真。例如，“麦克的 MP3 需要修理”预设“麦克有MP3”。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语料库。语料库是一个语言数据的存储，可以被编辑为书面文本，也可以被作为录音言语的誊本。19 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言的二重性。二重性指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。底层结构由一些本身没有意义的语音组成，但是它们可以各自组合成有意义的单位，从而形成具有独特、确定意义的上层单位。上层单位能够被组合或重新组合成特定数量的句子。20 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查主位和述位。布拉格学派的语言学家们认为一个句子总是包含有出发点和核心。话语的出发点是说话人和听话人都知道的东西，即已知信息，这是他们的共同点，是他们交会的地方，叫做主位(theme)；而话语的核心，是对听话人来说意义重大的信息，叫做述位(theme)。二、填空题21 【正确答案】 performative【试题解析】 考查语言的施为功能。语言的施为功能主要是为了改变人物的社会地位。22 【正确答案】 Innate【试题解析】 考查乔姆斯基的天赋假设。乔姆
