1、2011 年 4 月全国自考（英语词汇学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 The development of English vocabulary can be divided into the following particular historical period EXCEPT_. ( )（A）Old English（B） Middle English（C） New English（D）Modern English2 The definition of a word comprises the following points _ . ( ) (1) a minimal fre
2、e form of a language (2) a sound unity (3) a unit of meaning (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence（A）(1) and (2)（B） (1) (2) and (3)（C） (2) (3) and (4)（D）(1) (2) (3) and (4)3 Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and
3、affixes, e. g. foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is_ . ( )（A）productivity（B） polysemy（C） stability（D）collocability4 The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages of Europe,
4、the Near East, and_. ( )（A）India（B） the Far East（C） the West Asia（D）America5 In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and_classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. ( )（A）India（B） German（C） Roman（D）Chinese6 Which of the following statement
5、s is NOT true? ( )（A）Old English was a highly inflected language.（B） In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.（C） The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern English period.（D）The most important mode of vocabulary development in pres
6、ent-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.7 The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is _. ( )（A）morpheme（B） affixes（C） root（D）stem8 There is/are_monomorphemic word(s) in the following words: hot, dog, feet, matches. ( )（A）1（B） 2（C） 3（D）49 The plural morphe
7、me “-s“ is pronounced as /s/ in the following words EXCEPT_. ( )（A）packs（B） bags（C） cheats（D）ships10 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English vocabulary are produced through_. ( )（A）affixation（B） clipping（C） compounding（D）shortening11 The formation of new words by converting words of o
8、ne class to another class is called_. ( )（A）prefixation（B） suffixation（C） acronymy（D）conversion12 The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called_. ( )（A）back-formation（B） clipping（C） blending（D）suffixation13 _ accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and it
9、s meaning. ( )（A）Sense（B） Motivation（C） Concept（D）Reference14 By_motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin. ( )（A）onomatopoeic（B） morphological（C） semantic（D）etymological15 In English there are_ types of motivation that concerns the relationship between the s
10、ign and meaning. ( )（A）2（B） 3（C） 4（D）516 What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? ( )（A）Suffixation.（B） Variation.（C） Allomorph.（D）Polysemy.17 Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the field of “colours“. ( )（A）stylistic（B） semantic（C） elliptic（
11、D）syntactic18 What is applicable to contradictory terms of some antonyms may NOT be applicable to their terms. ( )（A）connotative（B） collocative（C） relative（D）negative19 When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is accordingly. ( )（A）related（B） narrowed（C） created（D）suggested20 Whi
12、ch of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South? ( )（A）Rattlesnake.（B） Villain.（C） Informer.（D）Copperhead.21 People change word-meaning owing to various_motives: love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm,
13、irony, contempt, hatred, etc. ( )（A）psychological（B） social（C） communicative（D）lexical22 In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as_context. ( )（A）non-linguistic（B） linguistic（C） grammatical（D）lexical23 Which of the following is one of
14、the main functions of verbal context? ( )（A）Elimination of ambiguity.（B） Indication of referents.（C） Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.（D）All the above.24 Which of the following is NOT true about extra-linguistic context? ( )（A）It can be subdivided into grammatical context and non-lingui
15、stic context.（B） It refers to physical situation or environment relating to the use of words.（C） It embraces the people, time and place.（D）It may extend to embrace the entire cultural background.25 The idiom “fall into good hands“ is a_ as far as figures of speech are concerned. ( )（A）synecdoche（B）
16、metaphor（C） metonymy（D）personification26 “Flesh and blood“ is an idiom_ in nature. ( )（A）verbal（B） nominal（C） adjectival（D）adverbial27 The change of idiom “velvet paws“ from the original form is_. ( )（A）replacement（B） position-shifting（C） addition（D）shortening28 American dictionaries generally use_t
17、o mark the pronunciation. ( )（A）British Phonetic Alphabet（B） American Phonetic Alphabet（C） International Phonetic Alphabet（D）Websters Phonetic Alphabet29 Which of the following dictionaries is NOT a specialized dictionary? ( )（A）The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology.（B） Chambers Encyclopaedic E
18、nglish Dictionary.（C） Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.（D）Websters New Dictionary of Synonyms.30 Usage notes of the dictionary explain_. ( )（A）the slight difference between words of similar meanings（B） difficult points of grammar and style（C） important British and American differences（D）all the a
19、bove二、填空题31 The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one_words.32 At the end of 6th century, Latin-speaking missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many terms such as abbot, candle, altar, etc.3
20、3 The forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function are_34 The process of changing the word “possible“ into “impossible“ is called_35 The synonymous pair “diepass away“ has the same _ but different stylistic values.36 Semantically, all_are related in one way or anot
21、her.37 Fortuitous formerly denoted “happening by chance“, “accidental“ and later took on the meaning “fortunate“ probably by _ because the two words look similar.38 The sentence “He is a hard businessman“ is ambiguous due to_.39 The characteristic of idioms-_unity can be reflected by the understandi
22、ng of such idiom as “rain cats and dogs“.40 Definition, extra column and usage_are the Unique features of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987).三、名词解释41 jargon42 derivational affix43 grammatical meaning44 associated transfer45 variations of idioms四、简答题46 leornianlernenlearn Above is the
23、 change of “learn“ from Old English through Middle English to Modern English. What can you conclude from the viewpoint of the development of English vocabulary?47 Both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them? Illustrate your
24、point with examples.48 What is the appropriate antonym for acute in the following statement? She got an acute pain in her back.49 What are contextual clues? Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning. (
25、a)Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Birdwhis-tell. (b)Its just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessorsthose tiny parts of a computer commonly known as “silicon chips“.五、论述题50 Comment on the follo
26、wing groups to illustrate the difference between partial and full conversion. Group 1:“ white a white, final finals“ Group 2:“rich the rich, wounded the wounded“51 Analyze and comment on the meanings of the following sentences and then find out the right antonyms for each fast respectively. AMy god,
27、 look, this clock is one hour fast, as if we were at Tokyo. B The colors arent fast, so be careful when you wash this shirt. CThe delegation paid a fast visit to the United Kingdom last month.2011 年 4 月全国自考（英语词汇学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 英语词汇学的发展可以依次分为古英语、中古英语和现代英语共三个特殊阶段，不包含 C 选项。2 【正确答案】 D
28、【试题解析】 总起来说，词的定义包括以下几点：(1)一门语言中最小的自由形式；(2)一个声音统一体；(3) 一个意义单位； (4)能在句子中独立其作用的一个形式。3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 基本词汇大多是根词或单音节词。它们可以单独使用，也可以和其他词根或词缀一起构成新词。如 foot 和其他词根构成 football(足球)，footage(以英尺计的长度)和 footprint(脚印) 。能产性是基本词汇的明显特点之一。4 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 印欧语系由欧洲、近东和印度的大多数语言组成.5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 在早期现代英语阶段，欧洲掀起了学习希腊和罗马古典著作的
29、运动。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 1150 一 1500 为中古英语时期。11 世纪末，几乎所有握有政治和社会权柄的人以及众多教堂职员都出身于诺曼血统。因此，权要者说法语，有文化者说法语，子女教育用法语，就连谋求以抄写为生的人也学拉丁语或法语。法语、拉丁语和英语一直并存达一个多世纪。并存的三者中不包含 B 项的凯尔特语。7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 词素是构词中最小的功能单位。8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 在句子中可以独立起作用的词叫单语词素。然而有些词素根据它们在词中位置的不同可由一个以上的不同的词素实现，这些不同的词素叫词素变体。表示名词复数的词素一 s 在不同的语言环境中有
30、许多词素变体。比如在 cats 中是s，在 bags 中是z/ ，在 matches 中是/iz，故排除 matches。名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况可以通过改变内部元音来实现名词复数，如 footfeetman men；或通过零形素来实现，如 deerdeer，故排除 feet。9 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 packs，cheats 和 ships 中的 s 都发 s音，而 bags 中是发/z/ 音。10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 根据派利斯和阿尔格欧的说法，通过词缀法产生的词占据新词总量的 30到 40。11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 转换法是将一种词转化成另一种词类构
31、成新词的方法。12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 通过除去假定的后缀而创造新词的方法被称为逆生法。13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的关联。14 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 依据词源理据，很多词的意义经常与其来源直接相关。15 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 在英语中，词的词义理据有四种类型：拟声理据、形态理据、语意理据和词源理据。16 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 多义关系是所有自然语言都具有的共同特征。17 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 red(红色)、scarlet(鲜红色)、mauve(淡紫色)、violet(紫色)、lavender(淡紫色)、pans
32、y(三色堇)、black(黑色)和 purple(紫红色)等构成了“颜色”的语义场。18 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 适合表示矛盾语义的反义词的情况并不一定适合表示相互关系的反义词。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 普通名词转化为专有名词时，词义也随之缩小。20 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 由联想转移和委婉语引起的词义变化都属于心理原因。以copperhead 为例。该词指北美的一种毒蛇(铜斑蛇)。但在美国南北战争中该词用来指暗中支持南方的北方人。21 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 人们出于各种心理动机而改变词义：爱、尊敬、礼貌、怀疑、悲观、讽刺、挖苦、蔑视、仇恨等。22 【正确答案】
33、B【试题解析】 狭义上讲，语境是一个词所在的词群、从句和局群环境，这称为语言环境。23 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 语言环境有三大作用：消除歧义、限定所指和提供线索以猜测词义。24 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 语法语境不属于非语言环境，而是语言环境的一种。25 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 借代是指部分代替整体或整体代替部分，如 fall into goodhands(落在好人手里)中的 good hands 就是部分代替整体。26 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 flesh and blood(亲骨肉)是一个名词性习语。27 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 velvet paws(笑里藏刀)
34、 是 velvet paws hide sharp claws 的缩略形式。28 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 美国词典通常使用韦伯斯特系统标注发音。29 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 英语学习者用的著名专用词典有牛津英语词源词典(1982 年修订版)、 实用英语语法(1980)、柯林斯英语用法词典(1992)、朗文短语动词词典(1983) 、牛津现代习语英语词典(1975)、韦伯斯特新同义词词典(1978)、朗文当代英语词汇大全(1981) 等。不包含 B 项。30 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 用法注释解释相似意义单词之间的细微差异，语法和文体的难点，英国英语和美国英语的重要差异以及单词的
35、语用用法。二、填空题31 【正确答案】 million【试题解析】 据初步统计，当代英语的词汇量已达 100 多万词。32 【正确答案】 religious【试题解析】 公元 6 世纪末，圣奥古斯丁领导的讲拉丁语的罗马传教士将基督教传人英国。基督教传来了许多新思想和新风俗，同时也传来了许多宗教术语。33 【正确答案】 affixes【试题解析】 附着于词并对其意义的功能作修饰的形式称为词缀。34 【正确答案】 prefixation。【试题解析】 前缀法是指在词干上加前缀构成新词的一种方法。从语义的角度可把前缀分为 9 类，表示否定意义的前缀是其中的一种，具体有 a-，dis 一，in 一，i
36、l，im 一，non 一，un 一等。35 【正确答案】 concept【试题解析】 die 和 pass away 表示的概念是相同的，但社会文化和文体有差异。36 【正确答案】 words【试题解析】 每一个语义场中的词语义相关，并能相互定义。37 【正确答案】 analogy【试题解析】 fortuitous 原义为“偶尔发生的”，后来可能是通过类比获得 “幸运”之义，因为该词与 fortunate 形式上很相似。38 【正确答案】 polysemy【试题解析】 由于词的多义性和同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。在题目中，hard 一词既可以作 “勤劳的 ”讲，又可以作“难对付的”讲。这
37、句话的语境没能对该词的意义加以限定，所以读者难以确定其确切的含义。39 【正确答案】 semantic【试题解析】 习语的语义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习语意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。很多习语。40 【正确答案】 examples 【试题解析】 除了吸收朗文当代英语词典的很多优点外，科林斯英语词典还有一些独特的特征，包括定义、额外专栏和用法举例。三、名词解释41 【正确答案】 Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and pro
38、fessions communicate among themselves. 42 【正确答案】 Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or root. 43 【正确答案】 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words,singular and plu
39、ral meanings of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 44 【正确答案】 A term used in relation to changes in word meaning in which the meaning is transferred through association, e. g. purse for “money“, dish for “food“ etc. 45 【正确答案】 The variations in constituents of idioms may be re
40、alized by addition , deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.)四、简答题46 【正确答案】 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. 47 【正确答案】 Acronymy is
41、 the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initial-isms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initial-isms are words pronounced le
42、tter by letter.such as VOA,BBC,TV. Acronyms are pronounced as a normal word, for example. AIDS (acquired immune defciency syndrome) , TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language) ,N-bomb (nuclear bomb) .G-man (Government man) ,etc. 48 【正确答案】 The appropriate antonym for acute in the sentence “She got
43、 an acute pain in her back“ is dull. 49 【正确答案】 Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In many cases when a new word appears for the first time,the author generally manages to give hints which might help the reader to grasp the concept or understand the idea. This
44、 is called contextual clues.(a)Definition:the study of body movement.(b)Explanation: those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as “silicon chips“.五、论述题50 【正确答案】 It is not unusual to have nouns converted from adjectives. Unlike verbs,not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun
45、status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion, others are only partially converted,hence partial conversion.Group 1 shows the feature of full conversiona noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns and can take an indefinite article or -(e) s to
46、 indicate singular or plural number. For example,“white“ is an adjective and “a white“ is a noun phrase (article+ noun),meaning a white man. “Final“ is an adjective and “finals“ a noun phrase(noun-f s) , meaning final exams or final competitions. Group 2 reveals the feature of partial conversionnoun
47、s partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does and they must be used together with definite articles. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind. For instance,“rich“ is an adjective and “the rich“ refers to the rich people. “The wounded“ refers to
48、the wounded soldiers. 51 【正确答案】 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.SentenceAmeans the clock is one hour ahead of the local time,and the antonym of fast is slow.SentenceBmeans the colors are resistant to destruction or fading, and the antonym of the word fast is loose.SentenceCmeans the visit was accomplished in relatively little time,and its antonym is long.
