REG NASA-STD-3001 VOLUME 1-2007 NASA SPACE FLIGHT HUMAN SYSTEM STANDARD VOLUME 1 CREW HEALTH (Superseding NASA-STD-3000 Volume 1 Chapter 7 and JSC 26882 Space Flight Health Require.pdf

1、APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED NASA TECHNICAL STANDARD NASA-STD-3001 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Approved: 03-05-2007 Washington, D.C. 20546-0001 Expiration Date: 03-05-2012 Superseding NASA-STD-3000, Vol. 1, Chapter 7 and JSC 26882, Space Flight Health Requi

2、rements Document NASA SPACE FLIGHT HUMAN SYSTEM STANDARD VOLUME 1: CREW HEALTH MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION: NONE Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 2 of

3、68 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Status Document Revision Approval Date Description Baseline 03-05-2007 Initial Release Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 3 of 68 FOREW

4、ORD This standard is published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to establish standards for providing a healthy and safe environment for crewmembers, and to provide health and medical programs for crewmembers during all phases of space flight. Standards are established to o

5、ptimize crew health and performance, thus contributing to overall mission success, and to prevent negative long-term health consequences due to space flight. In this document, the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer establishes NASAs space flight crew health standards for the pre-flight,

6、in-flight, and post-flight phases of human space flight. These standards apply to all NASA human space flight programs and are not developed for any specific program. However, while some of the existing programs, such as the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meet the intent and

7、 purpose of these standards currently, these standards may have implications for longer duration missions and missions with architectures and objectives outside of low Earth orbit. Although the standards are applicable to the in-flight phase of all space missions, it is anticipated that they will be

8、 most relevant during long-duration lunar outpost and Mars exploration missions, since the combined ill effects of exposure to the space environment will be of most concern in those mission scenarios. This standard is approved for use by NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers, including Component Facili

9、ties. Requests for information, corrections, or additions to this standard should be submitted via “Feedback” in the NASA Technical Standards System at http:/standards.nasa.gov. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1

10、APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 4 of 68 Original Signed By 5 March 2007 Richard S. Williams, M.D. Approval Date NASA Chief Health and Medical Officer NASA Headquarters Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-300

11、1, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 5 of 68 SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG . 2 FOREWORD . 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 5 LIST OF FIGURES . 7 LIST OF TABLES. 7 1. SCOPE. 8 1.1 Purpose . 8 1.2 Applicability . 9 1.3 Overview 10 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS . 10 2.1

12、 General 10 2.2 Government Documents. 11 2.3 Non-Government Documents. 11 2.4 Order of Precedence . 11 3. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS 11 3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations . 11 3.2 Definitions 13 4. REQUIREMENTS . 13 4.1 Levels of Medical Care. 13 4.1.1 Levels of Care. 14 4.2 Standards for Human Performanc

13、e. 16 4.2.1 Overview 16 4.2.2 Types of Standards . 17 4.2.3 Fitness-for-Duty Aerobic Capacity Standard . 17 4.2.4 Fitness-for-Duty Sensorimotor Standard 18 4.2.5 Fitness-for-Duty Behavioral Health and Cognition Standard 18 4.2.6 Fitness-for-Duty Hematology and Immunology Standard . 19 4.2.7 Permissi

14、ble Outcome Limit for Nutrition Standard . 19 4.2.8 Permissible Outcome Limit for Muscle Strength Standard 19 4.2.9 Permissible Outcome Limit for Microgravity-Induced Bone Mineral Loss Performance Standard (Baseline with Measured T-score) 20 4.2.10 Space Permissible Exposure Limit for Space Flight R

15、adiation Exposure Standard 20 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 6 of 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued SECTION PAGE 4.3 Health and Medical Screening, Evaluation

16、, and Certification . 20 4.3.1 Initial Selection Requirements 21 4.3.2 Medical Certification and Evaluation. 21 4.4 Medical Diagnosis, Intervention, Treatment, and Care 21 4.4.1 Training Section . 22 4.4.2 Pre-flight. 24 4.4.3 In-flight. 26 4.4.4 Post-flight . 29 5. GUIDANCE 31 5.1 Reference Documen

17、ts. 31 Appendix A Document Map 33 Appendix B Example Outline of a Concept of Operations. 34 Appendix C Example Outline of a Medical Operations Requirements Document . 39 Appendix D Rationale for Levels of Care. 43 Appendix E Medical Strategies for Space Flight Missions 46 Appendix F Rationale for Sp

18、ace Flight Health Standards for Human Performance. 48 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 7 of 68 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 Risk of Hip Fracture in Males Us

19、ing Standardized Total Hip BMD 63 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 50thPercentile Values for Maximal Aerobic Power. 18 2 CEV Functional Strength Requirements 60 3 Example career effective dose limits 66 4 Dose limits for short-term or career non-cancer effects . 67 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reprodu

20、ction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 8 of 68 NASA Space Flight Human System Standard Volume 1: Crew Health 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose NASA policy for establishing standards to protect the health and safety

21、of crew, and for providing health and medical programs for crewmembers during all phases of space flight, is authorized by NPD 1000.3, The NASA Organization, and NPD 8900.5, NASA Health and Medical Policy for Human Space Exploration. NPD 8900.1, Medical Operations Responsibilities in Support of Huma

22、n Space Flight Programs and NPD 8900.3, Astronaut Medical and Dental Observation Study and Care Program, authorize the specific provision of health and medical programs for crewmembers. NASAs policy is to establish standards for providing a healthy and safe environment for crewmembers, and to provid

23、e health and medical programs for crewmembers during all phases of space flight. Standards are established to optimize crew health and performance, thus contributing to overall mission success, and to prevent negative long-term health consequences due to space flight. In this document, the Office of

24、 the Chief Health and Medical Officer establishes NASAs space flight Crew Health standards for the pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight phases of human space flight. Human system standards are established to guide and focus the development of the crew health requirements as a means of protecting s

25、pace-faring crews. The standards presented in this document, NASA Space Flight Human System Standards, Volume I: Crew Health, are intended to complement the overall set of human standards for space flight, which also includes NASA Space Flight Human Systems Standards, Volume II: Habitability and Env

26、ironmental Health; NASA Medical Standard for Crewmembers; and current medical standards of clinical practice. Combined, these standards provide Agency technical requirements for an appropriate environment for human habitation, certification of human participants, the necessary level of medical care,

27、 and risk-mitigation strategies against the deleterious effects of space flight. The standards described in this document include levels of care, permissible exposure limits, fitness-for-duty criteria, and permissible outcome limits as a means of defining successful operating criteria for the human

28、system. These standards help ensure mission completion, limit morbidity, and reduce the risk of mortality during space flight missions. See Appendix A for an overview document map. All standards are based on the best available scientific and clinical evidence, as well as operational experience from

29、Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, Shuttle/MIR (United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) Space Station), and International Space Station (ISS) missions. Standards are periodically and regularly reviewed, especially as the concept of operations and mission parameters for a program become defined, and may be up

30、dated as new evidence emerges. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 9 of 68 A Crew Health Concept of Operations document is developed by the Space Medicine Divis

31、ion at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) for each space flight program and coordinated with the appropriate Program Manager for concurrence. See Appendix B for an example Crew Health Concept of Operations outline. Following the development of the Crew Health Concept of Operations, a Medical Operations

32、Requirements Document (MORD) is developed by the JSC Space Medicine Division for each program. The MORD details the medical requirements for the program, and is consistent with the overall medical concept outlined in the Crew Health Concept document. See Appendix C for an example outline of a MORD.

33、1.2 Applicability These standards apply to all NASA human space flight programs and are not developed for any specific program. However, while some of the existing programs, such as the Space Shuttle and ISS Programs, meet the intent and purpose of these standards currently, these standards may have

34、 implications for longer duration missions and missions with architectures and objectives outside of low Earth orbit (LEO). Although the standards are applicable to the in-flight phase of all space missions, it is anticipated that they are most relevant during long-duration lunar outpost and Mars ex

35、ploration missions, since the combined ill effects of exposure to the space environment is of most concern in those mission scenarios. The standards and technical requirements specified in this volume shall a. Apply to all space exploration programs and activities involving crewmembers. b. Apply to

36、internationally provided space systems as documented in distinct separate agreements such as joint or multilateral agreements. c. Be made applicable to contractors only through contract clauses, specifications, or statements of work in conformance with the NASA Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) s

37、upplement and not as direct instructions to contractors. d. Supersede any conflicting crew health requirements imposed by other NASA standards. This standard may be cited in contract, program, and other Agency documents as a technical requirement. Mandatory requirements are indicated by the word “sh

38、all,” statement of fact and descriptive material by “is,” and permission by “may” or “can.” Tailoring of, deviation from, or waivers to this standard for application to a specific program or project shall be approved by the NASA Chief Health and Medical Officer. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo repro

39、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 10 of 68 1.3 Overview The Space Flight Human System Standard, Volume I: Crew Health considers human physiologic parameters as a system, much as one views the eng

40、ineering and design of a mechanical device. Doing so allows the human system to be viewed as an integral part of the overall vehicle design process, as well as the mission reference design, treating the human system as one system along with the many other systems that work in concert to allow the no

41、minal operation of a vehicle and successful completion of a mission. Volume 1, Crew Health covers the main physiologic parameters associated with the health and successful operation of the human system. It is not all encompassing, but does address those areas where the human system has shown particu

42、lar vulnerability in response to adaptation or exposure to microgravity. The standards set forth in this volume serve as a guideline to develop requirements for maintaining the human system within normal operating parameters. To achieve this aim, the standards of the human system should be considere

43、d in vehicle design, mission architecture, countermeasures, and future directed research. Many of the standards are not in their mature forms and are not fully identified for all areas, perhaps because of a lack of knowledge as to the human system physiology for that length and scale of mission, or

44、other reasons. In such cases, top-level functional standards for these are cited, and further work is/may be required to define the standard more accurately. A cascading effect is often seen with system failures in engineering, and so it is with the human system as well. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 2.1

45、General The documents listed in this section contain provisions that constitute requirements of this standard as cited in the text of section 4. The latest issuances of cited documents shall be used unless otherwise approved by NASA Chief Health and Medical Officer. The applicable documents are acce

46、ssible via the NASA Technical Standards System at http:/standards.nasa.gov, directly from the Standards Developing Organizations, or from other document distributors. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 APPROVED FO

47、R PUBLIC RELEASE DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 11 of 68 2.2 Government Documents National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Crewmember Medical Standards, Volume I JSC 25396 NASA Astronaut Medical Standards Selection and Annual Medical Certification Payload Specialist Class III JSC 27384 Procedur

48、e Manual for the NASA Psychological Services Group 2.3 Non-Government Documents None. 2.4 Order of Precedence When this standard is applied as a requirement or imposed by contract on a program or project, the technical requirements of this standard take precedence, in the case of conflict, over the technical requirements cited in applicable documents or referenced guidance documents. 3. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS 3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACLS Advanced Cardiac Life Support ACSM American College of Sports Medicine AED Automated External Defibrillator ALARA As L