SAE AIR 4844C-2017 Composites and Metal Bonding Glossary.pdf

1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there

2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p

3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497

4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AIR4844C AEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR4844 REV. C Issued 1994-12 Revised 2017-06 Superseding A

5、IR4844B Composites and Metal Bonding Glossary RATIONALE AIR4844 is a comprehensive list of terms and acronyms and their definitions as used in the composite material, fabrication, and repair industry. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 2 of 142 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Purpose . 3 2. COMPOSITES

6、 AND METAL BONDING GLOSSARY 3 2.1 A 4 2.2 B 13 2.3 C 21 2.4 D 35 2.5 E 43 2.6 F 48 2.7 G 57 2.8 H 60 2.9 I . 65 2.10 J . 70 2.11 K 71 2.12 L 72 2.13 M . 76 2.14 N 83 2.15 O 86 2.16 P 89 2.17 Q 101 2.18 R 102 2.19 S 109 2.20 T 123 2.21 U 130 2.22 V 132 2.23 W . 135 2.24 X 139 2.25 Y 140 2.26 Z 141 3.

7、 NOTES 142 3.1 Revision Indicator 142 Figure 1 An example of balanced but not symmetrical laminate . 14 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of design load levels versus categories of damage severity . 22 Figure 3 Fastener hole edge margin and edge distance . 43 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 3 of 142 1. SCO

8、PE The following terminology has been generated by the ATA/IATA/SAE Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee (CACRC) and provides terminology for design, fabrication, and repair of composite and bonded metal structures. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this AIR is to provide terminology that should

9、be used when developing CACRC repair documents or repair documents produced by airlines or airframe and engine manufacturers. It is intended to develop this AIR into an AS. 2. COMPOSITES AND METAL BONDING GLOSSARY The acronyms and contractions that can be found in this document are the examples of s

10、ome of the terms mentioned in the CACRC repair documents, composite materials industry publications, meetings or conversations. Some acronyms and contractions have become common words in the English and/or aerospace technical language (Radome, flaperon, mil, and micron are examples) and are pronounc

11、ed phonetically. Some acronyms and contractions remain upper case in their spelling but are also spoken phonetically (EASA, FAR, HIRF, PACS, and PEEK are examples). Where the abbreviations ES, ET, RT, and UT are shown in parentheses they indicate the type of Non-destructive test (inspection) in whic

12、h the term is normally used. Some of these definitions have applications outside NDI/NDT. The use of these acronyms does not mean that they only apply to NDI/ NDT applications. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 4 of 142 2.1 A A-BASIS: The “A“ mechanical property value is the value above which at least

13、 99% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. Also called A-allowable. See also B-BASIS, S-BASIS, and TYPICAL BASIS. ABHESIVE: A material that resists adhesion. A film or coating applied to surfaces to prevent sticking, heat sealing, etc., for example a parting agen

14、t or mold release agent. ABL BOTTLE: An internal pressure test vessel about 460 mm (18 inches) in diameter and 610 mm (24 inches) long used to determine the quality and properties of the filament-wound material in the vessel. ABLATION: The degradation, decomposition, and erosion of a material caused

15、 by high temperature, pressure, time, percent oxidizing species, and velocity of gas flow. A controlled loss of material to protect the underlying structure. ABLATIVE PLASTIC: A material that absorbs heat (with low material loss and char rate) through a decomposition process (pyrolysis) that takes p

16、lace at or near the surface exposed to the heat. This mechanism essentially provides thermal protection (insulation) of the subsurface materials and components by sacrificing the surface layer. ABRADED YARN: A filament yarn in which filaments have been cut or broken to simulate the surface character

17、 of spun yarns. Abraded yarns are usually plied or twisted with other yarns before use. ABRASION: The wearing away of a portion of the surface by either natural (rain, wind, etc.), mechanical (misfit, etc.), or man-made (oversanding, etc.) means; penetrates only the surface finish. In a composite, d

18、oes not damage the first ply. ABRASIVES: Special hard mineral ingredients employed to impart abrasive power to rubber articles used for abrading, grinding, or polishing such as rubber erasers or hard or soft rubber grinding wheels. Also used with paper or fabric backings and as abrasive discs or fla

19、pper wheels. Pumice, Silica, Tripoli sand, Carborundum, Silicon Carbide, Cerium Oxide and Diamond powder may be used as abrasives. The surface finish in microinches can be related directly to the grit size of the abrasive. ABRASIVE WATERJET: Similar to a conventional waterjet except that a fine grit

20、 (usually garnet) is mixed into the high-pressure water stream. Useful for cutting cured organic-matrix and metal-matrix composite materials. The main cutting action is an accelerated erosion process. ABS: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: Absolute humidity is the weight of water va

21、por present in a unit volume of air, such as grams per cubic foot or grams per cubic meter. The amount of water vapor is also reported in terms of weight per unit weight of dry air, such as grams per pound of dry air, but this value differs from values calculated on a volume basis and should not be

22、referred to as absolute humidity. It is designated as humidity ratio, specific humidity, or moisture content. ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY: Of a fluid adhesive, the tangential force on unit area of either of two parallel plates at unit distance apart when the space between the plates is filled with the fluid

23、in question and one of the plates moves with unit differential velocity in its own plane. The unit of measurement is the centipoise. ABSORBATE: A material which is absorbed by another. ABSORBED MOISTURE: Water is absorbed by the resin and fibers at a molecular level. The amount of water absorbed is

24、dependent on the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air and the time of exposure. The water absorbed is not visible. Under test conditions, absorbed moisture is measured by weight gain. In the case of a honeycomb panel, water can also penetrate into non-metallic honeycomb core material. ABS

25、ORBENT: A material that takes in, or absorbs another. ABSORPTION: (i) The penetration into the mass of one substance by another. (ii) The process whereby energy is dissipated within a specimen placed in a field of radiant energy. (iii) The capillary or cellular attraction of adherend surfaces to dra

26、w off the liquid adhesive film into the substrate. (iv) A process in which one material (the absorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the adsorbate). SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 5 of 142 ACCELERATED TEST: A test procedure in which conditions are increased in magnitude to reduce the time required

27、to obtain a result. To reproduce in a short time the deteriorating effect obtained under normal service conditions. ACCELERATOR: A material that, when mixed with a catalyst or a resin, will speed up the chemical reaction between the catalyst and the resin either in polymerizing of resins or vulcaniz

28、ation of rubbers. Also called promoter. ACCEPTANCE TEST: A test or series of tests, called out in a material specification, conducted by the supplier, procuring agency, or an agent thereof, to determine whether an individual lot of material conforms to the purchase order or contract or to determine

29、the degree of uniformity of the material supplied by the vendor or both. NOTE: Specifications usually state sampling techniques, test procedures, and minimum requirements for acceptance. ACCREDITING AGENCY: The organization issuing the certificate. ACCURACY: The degree of conformity of a measured or

30、 calculated value to some recognized standard or specified value. Accuracy involves the systematic error of an operation. ACETAL PLASTICS: Plastics based on polymers having a predominance of acetal linkages in the main chain. ACETONE: Commonly used wipe solvent. Also known as 2-propanone and Di-meth

31、ylketone. Used for cleaning composite surfaces prior to bonding and also metal surfaces prior to other treatments. Can also be used to remove uncured epoxy resin from tools and other items. Classed as “Seriously Flammable“ with a flash point of -4 F (-20 C). Has a high evaporation rate. May be procu

32、red to U.S. Federal Specification O-A-51H or ASTM D 329. ACID: A chemical compound containing one or more hydrogen atoms available for reaction with active metals or alkaline solutions. ACOUSTIC EMISSION: A measure of integrity of a material, as determined by sound emission when a material is stress

33、ed. Ideally, emissions can be correlated with defects and/or incipient failure. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (UT): A material property determined by the product of the velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material; used in determining the reflection characteristics of interfaces. ACRYLIC PLA

34、STIC: Any of a family of synthetic resins made by the polymerization of esters of acrylic acid and its derivatives. See also POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. ACTIVATION: The (usually) chemical process of making a surface more receptive to bonding to a coating or an encapsulating material. ACTIVATOR: An addi

35、tive used to promote the curing of matrix resins and reduce curing time. See ACCELERATOR. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION. A chemical reaction in which simple molecules (monomers) are added to each other to form long-chain molecules (polymers) without forming by-products. The small molecules, monomers, add

36、together to form the polymer molecule. The polymer is usually linear. ADDITIVE: Any substance added to another substance, usually to improve properties, such as plasticizers, initiators, light stabilizers, and flame retardants. See also FILLER and FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVES. ADHERE: To cause two surfa

37、ces to be held together by adhesion. ADHEREND: A body that is held to another body, usually by an adhesive. A detail or part prepared for bonding. ADHESION: The state in which two surfaces are held together at an interface by mechanical or chemical forces or interlocking action or both. ADHESION FAI

38、LURE: Rupture of an adhesive bond such that the separation appears to be at the adhesive-adherend interface. ADHESION, MECHANICAL: Adhesion due to the physical interlocking of the adhesive with the substrate irregularities. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 6 of 142 ADHESION PROMOTER: A coating applie

39、d to a substrate before it is coated with an adhesive, to improve the adhesion of the adhesive. Also called “primer”. A primer may and should improve the durability of a joint in the long-term but does not always increase joint strength. ADHESION, SPECIFIC: Adhesion due to valence forces at the adhe

40、sive-substrate surface interface. Such valence forces are of the same type that give rise to cohesion. ADHESIVE: A substance capable of holding two materials together by surface attachment. Adhesive can be in film, liquid, or paste form. In this context, the term is used to denote structural adhesiv

41、es, i.e., those which create attachments capable of transmitting significant structural loads. ADHESIVE AGE: The age of the material from the date of shipment by the manufacturer to the present date. ADHESIVE BATCH: One production mixture of adhesive by a manufacturer with the batch number assigned

42、by the manufacturer. ADHESIVE BONDING: A materials joining process in which an adhesive, placed between facing surfaces, solidifies to bond the surfaces together. ADHESIVE FILM: A synthetic resin adhesive, with or without a carrier fabric, usually of the thermosetting type, in the form of a thin fil

43、m of resin, used under heat and pressure in the production of bonded structures. A convenient form of adhesive for production or repair because it is easy to handle and already mixed. Requires refrigerated storage. ADHESIVE FLASH: The cured adhesive squeezed out around the edges of doublers, at butt

44、 splices and at the ends of the assembly. ADHESIVE, INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SETTING: See INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SETTING ADHESIVE. ADHESIVE JOINT: The location at which two adherends or substrates are held together with a layer of adhesive. The general area of contact for a bonded structure. ADHES

45、IVE LOT: One batch of adhesive or a portion of one batch, submitted for acceptance at one time. The adhesive lot number is assigned by the manufacturer. ADHESIVE ROLL: Adhesive material including suitable protection film(s) or foil(s) according to the PCD contained on one support tube. ADHESIVE STRE

46、NGTH: Strength of a bond between an adhesive and an adherend. ADHESIVE, SUPPORTED: An adhesive film which has a woven or nonwoven carrier cloth. ADHESIVE SYSTEM: A compatible primer and film adhesive for system bonding metal-to-metal assemblies and a primer, pourcoat, and film adhesive for bonding s

47、andwich assemblies. ADHESIVE, UNSUPPORTED: A film adhesive which has no carrier cloth. ADIABATIC EXTRUSION: A method of extrusion in which, after the extrusion apparatus has been heated sufficiently by conventional means to plastify the material, the extrusion process can be continued with the sole

48、source of heat being the conversion of the drive energy, through viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. ADK: Notation used for the k-sample Anderson-Darling statistic, which is used to test the hypothesis that k batches have the same distribution. ADL: See ALLOWABLE DAMAGE LIMITS. A

49、DMIXTURE: The addition and homogeneous dispersion of discrete components, before cure. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR4844C Page 7 of 142 ADSORPTION: The adhesion of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids in more or less concentrated form, to the surfaces of solids or liquids with which they are in contact. A concentration of a substance at a surface or interface of another substance. ADVANCED CERAMICS: Ceramic materials that exhibit