1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6037 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT AIR6037 Issued 2010-03 Aircraft Exhaust Nonvolatile Part
5、icle Matter Measurement Method Development RATIONALE This Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for nonvolatile exhaust particle measurements at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. Multiple methods are described in each of the four technical appendices to this report, to
6、 determine particle mass, particle number and size, sampling, and quantification. Each method for particle mass, particle number, and size measurement technique is introduced and organized by common sections: equipment, analyzer routines, calibration standards, system layout, test procedure, data fl
7、ow, and calculation of results. The sections describing sampling and quantification methods are applicable to any of the measurement methods. This common approach is used because the methods are intended for review and evaluation in testing environments, which provides a path to further develop some
8、, or all, methods into recommended practices. Additional research is needed on calibration sources and standards, probe design, sample collection, representative sampling, and inter-instrument characterization and comparison. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 8 2. REFERENCES, DEFINITIONS, NOMENCLATURE 8 3.
9、 INTRODUCTION. 8 3.1 Background . 8 3.2 Particle Matter Measurement Methods . 8 3.3 Mass Measurement 8 3.4 Particle Size and Number Density Measurement . 9 3.5 Sampling . 9 3.6 Quantification 9 4. NOTES 9 SAE AIR6037 Page 2 of 84 TECHNICAL APPENDIX A - PARTICLE MASS A.1 SCOPE 10 A.2 REFERENCES 10 A.
10、2.1 SAE Publications . 10 A.2.2 Other References 10 A.2.3 Definitions . 11 A.2.4 Symbols and Terminology 12 A.3 INTRODUCTION. 13 A.4 GRAVIMETRY 15 A.4.1 Equipment . 15 A.4.2 Analyzer Routines . 15 A.4.3 Calibration Standards . 16 A.4.3.1 Filter Media . 16 A.4.3.2 Balance . 16 A.4.3.3 Carbon Burn-off
11、 . 17 A.4.4 System Layout 17 A.4.5 Test Procedure 18 A.4.5.1 System Checkout Procedure 18 A.4.5.2 Sampling Procedure . 19 A.4.6 Data Flow 19 A.4.7 Calculation of Results . 19 A.5 MICROBALANCE TAPERED ELEMENT 19 A.5.1 Equipment . 20 A.5.2 Analyzer Routines . 20 A.5.2.1 Leak Checks . 20 A.5.2.2 Flow A
12、udits 20 A.5.2.3 Differential Pressure Verification/Calibration 20 A.5.2.4 Differential Temperature Verification/Calibration 20 A.5.3 Calibration Standards . 21 A.5.4 System Layout 21 A.5.5 Test Procedure 21 A.5.5.1 Starting a Sampling Run . 21 A.5.5.2 Data Retrieval . 21 A.5.6 Data Flow 22 A.5.7 Ca
13、lculation of Results . 22 A.6 MICROBALANCE QUARTZ CRYSTAL . 22 A.6.1 Equipment . 22 A.6.2 Analyzer Routines . 23 A.6.2.1 Instrument Zero . 23 A.6.2.2 Crystal Cleaning 23 A.6.2.3 Flow Audit . 23 A.6.3 Calibration Standards . 23 A.6.3.1 Sensor Validation 23 A.6.3.2 Flow Calibration and Leak Check . 23
14、 A.6.4 System Layout 23 A.6.5 Test Procedure 23 A.6.5.1 Starting a Sampling Run . 23 A.6.5.2 Ending a Run and Data Retrieval . 24 SAE AIR6037 Page 3 of 84 A.6.6 Data Flow 24 A.6.7 Calculation of Results . 24 A.7 MULTIANGLE ABSORPTION PHOTOMETRY 24 A.7.1 Equipment . 25 A.7.2 Analyzer Routines . 25 A.
15、7.2.1 System Operation . 25 A.7.2.2 Pump Control 26 A.7.2.3 Flow Audit . 27 A.7.2.4 Temperature Sensors . 27 A.7.2.5 Pressure Sensors . 27 A.7.2.6 Optics Chamber 27 A.7.3 Calibration Standards . 27 A.7.4 System Layout 28 A.7.5 Test Procedure 28 A.7.6 Data Flow 28 A.7.7 Calculation of Results . 28 A.
16、7.7.1 Mass of Black Carbon . 28 A.7.7.2 Air Flow Rate . 29 A.7.7.3 Black Carbon Mass Concentration . 29 A.8 LASER-INDUCED INCANDESCENCE (EXTRACTIVE) 29 A.8.1 Equipment . 30 A.8.2 Analyzer Routines . 30 A.8.2.1 System Operation . 30 A.8.2.2 Flow Control 31 A.8.2.3 Temperature and Pressure Sensors . 3
17、1 A.8.2.4 Sample Cell . 31 A.8.3 Calibration Standards . 32 A.8.4 System Layout 32 A.8.5 Test Procedure 32 A.8.6 Data Flow 32 A.8.7 Calculation of Results . 32 A.9 LASER-INDUCED INCANDESCENCE (NONINTRUSIVE) . 33 A.9.1 Equipment . 33 A.9.2 Analyzer Routines . 35 A.9.2.1 System Operation . 35 A.9.3 Ca
18、libration . 37 A.9.4 System Layout 37 A.9.5 Test Procedure 37 A.9.6 Data Flow 38 A.9.7 Calculation of Results . 38 A.10 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION . 38 A.10.1 Equipment . 38 A.10.2 Analyzer Routines . 38 A.10.3 Calibration Standards . 39 A.10.4 System Layout 39 A.10.5 Test Procedure 39 A.10.6 Data Flow
19、40 A.10.7 Calculation of Results . 40 SAE AIR6037 Page 4 of 84 TECHNICAL APPENDIX B - PARTICLE NUMBER AND SIZE B.1 SCOPE 41 B.2 REFERENCES 41 B.2.1 SAE Publications . 41 B.2.2 Other References 41 B.2.3 Definitions . 43 B.2.4 Symbols and Terminology 44 B.3 INTRODUCTION. 45 B.4 CONDENSATION PARTICLE C
20、OUNTER . 49 B.4.1 Equipment . 49 B.4.2 Analyzer Routines . 50 B.4.2.1 Working Liquid 50 B.4.2.2 Instrument Zero . 50 B.4.2.3 Leak Check . 50 B.4.2.4 Flow Audit . 51 B.4.2.5 Response Time . 51 B.4.3 Calibration Standards . 51 B.4.3.1 Certification of CNC Performance 51 B.4.3.2 Flow Calibration 51 B.4
21、.4 System Layout 52 B.4.5 Test Procedure 52 B.4.6 Data Flow 52 B.4.7 Calculation of Results . 52 B.5 SCANNING (STEPPING) MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER . 52 B.5.1 Equipment . 53 B.5.2 Analyzer Routines . 54 B.5.2.1 Activity of Bipolar Charger 54 B.5.2.2 Working Liquid of CNC . 54 B.5.2.3 Instrument Zero .
22、54 B.5.2.4 Leak Check . 55 B.5.2.5 Flow Audit . 55 B.5.2.6 CNC Response Time 55 B.5.3 Calibration Standards . 55 B.5.3.1 Certification of the CNC Performance 56 B.5.3.2 Certification of the SMPS Performance 56 B.5.3.3 Flow Calibration 56 B.5.3.4 Verification of Sizing Accuracy 57 B.5.4 System Layout
23、 57 B.5.5 Test Procedure 57 B.5.6 Data Flow 57 B.5.7 Calculation of Results . 57 B.6 RAPID MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER (RMPS) . 58 B.6.1 Equipment . 58 B.6.2 Analyzer Routines . 59 B.6.2.1 Cleaning of Cyclone 59 B.6.2.2 Cleaning of Charger 60 B.6.2.3 Cleaning of Classification Chamber 60 B.6.2.4 Instrum
24、ent Zero and Filter Check . 60 SAE AIR6037 Page 5 of 84 B.6.2.5 Leak Check and Flow Audit 60 B.6.3 Calibration Standards . 60 B.6.3.1 Certification of the RMPS Performance 61 B.6.3.2 Flow Calibrations and Leak Checks . 61 B.6.4 System Layout 61 B.6.5 Test Procedure 61 B.6.6 Data Flow 61 B.6.7 Calcul
25、ation of Results . 62 SAE AIR6037 Page 6 of 84 TECHNICAL APPENDIX C - PARTICLE SAMPLING C.1 SCOPE 63 C.2 REFERENCES 63 C.2.1 SAE Publications . 63 C.2.2 Other References 63 C.2.3 Definitions . 64 C.2.4 Symbols and Terminology 65 C.3 INTRODUCTION. 66 C.3.1 Background . 67 C.3.2 General Probe and Samp
26、ling System Design Considerations . 68 C.3.2.1 Isokinetic Sampling . 68 C.3.2.2 Diffusion Loss 68 C.3.2.3 Thermophoresis 69 C.3.2.4 Inertial Impaction . 69 C.3.2.5 Gravitational Sedimentation 69 C.3.2.6 Electrical Effects 69 C.3.2.7 Coagulation . 69 C.3.2.8 Shattering 70 C.3.2.9 Gas-to-Particle Conv
27、ersion . 70 C.3.2.10 Active Probe Cooling 70 C.3.2.11 Active Dilution . 70 C.3.2.12 Sample Line Heating . 71 C.3.2.13 Inline Pumps . 71 C.4 EQUIPMENT . 71 C.4.1 Particle Sampling Probe . 71 C.4.2 Sampling Lines 72 C.4.3 Sample System Operation 72 C.4.4 Dilution Ratio Measurement 73 C.5 LINE LOSS COR
28、RECTIONS 73 C.5.1 Diffusion Loss Calculations . 73 C.5.2 Line Loss Estimates and Corrections . 76 C.5.3 Measured Line Loss Concept . 77 SAE AIR6037 Page 7 of 84 TECHNICAL APPENDIX D - CALCULATION OF PARTICLE NUMBER AND PARTICLE MASS EMISSION INDICES D.1 INTRODUCTION. 78 D.2 REFERENCES 78 D.2.1 SAE P
29、ublications . 78 D.2.2 Symbols and Terminology 78 D.3 PROCEDURE TO DERIVE PARTICLE EI EQUATIONS . 79 D.4 SIMPLIFIED PARTICLE EI EQUATIONS . 82 D.5 REQUIREMENTS AND CLARIFICATIONS FOR USING PARTICLE EI EQUATIONS . 82 D.6 PARTICLE EI CALCULATION EXAMPLES . 82 D.6.1 Example Calculation Using Exact Equa
30、tions 83 D.6.2 Example Calculation Using Simplified Equations . 84 SAE AIR6037 Page 8 of 84 1. SCOPE This report provides current practice measurement methods for quantifying nonvolatile particle matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This document contains detailed information fo
31、r many instruments and techniques, described in AIR5892A, that have been applied in aircraft engine field tests since AIR5892A was first issued in April 2003. There are four sections, identified as Technical Appendices (TA), presenting measurement techniques, sampling, and quantification of nonvolat
32、ile particles. The sections are written in the format of Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents and intended to progress to recommended practices upon overcoming existing technical challenges. Many important technical advances have been accomplished that comprise the Aircraft Engine Exhaust
33、Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development techniques described in TA A: Particle Mass,TA B: particle Number and Size,TA C: Particle Sampling, and TA D: Calculation of Particle Number and particle Mass Emission Indices. Various measurement methodologies and operability and compatibil
34、ity issues are described within the TAs. The TAs briefly discuss degrees of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and test operations acceptability for each measurement discipline. They reflect that many important technical advances have been accomplished for measurement techniques of nonvolatile pa
35、rticles. Additional research is required to transition the TAs to Aerospace Recommended Practices. 2. REFERENCES, DEFINITIONS, NOMENCLATURE Each TA has an independent section identifying the references, definitions, and nomenclature appropriate to the information presented. Attempts were made to mai
36、ntain consistency when information overlaps between TAs. 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1 Background This AIR is the result of several years of particle measurement field tests performed on aircraft gas turbine engines. Researchers from government, industry, and academia participated in many test campaigns and c
37、ollectively collaborated in various venuesmost regularly within the forum of the SAE E-31 Committee, which is charged with developing appropriate total particle matter (nonvolatile + volatile) characterization techniques for routine certification of aircraft gas turbine engines. AIR5892A provides in
38、itial background information about E-31s role, introductory information on general particulate matter emissions, and distinguishes aircraft engine generated particulate matter as volatile and nonvolatile particle matter emissions. 3.2 Particle Matter Measurement Methods Nonvolatile particle measurem
39、ent methods are broadly divided into two general approaches: (1) measurement of the particle mass; and (2) measurement of size and number density of particles. 3.3 Mass Measurement Regulatory interest in stationary source particulate matter emissions is directed toward total (nonvolatile + volatile)
40、 mass measurements. Only nonvolatile particle matter exists at the engine exit plane. Current practice sampling systems capture only the precursors of the volatile particle component that evolves downstream. Most mass measurement systems were developed for ambient air and stationary source particula
41、te matter quantification. TA A lists systems that can be applied to measure gas turbine engine generated black carbon, organic carbon, and carbonaceous mass. These measurement systems, referred to as analyzers in the text, are being used in current aircraft engine particle matter research. The resea
42、rchers have developed common methods to measure nonvolatile particle matter mass emitted from aircraft engines using some of the more established analyzers. The analyzer routines, procedures, and general practices for these are described in TA A. SAE AIR6037 Page 9 of 84 3.4 Particle Size and Number
43、 Density Measurement Particle matter formed from aircraft engine exhaust is also distinguishable by size and number density of particles, as well as individual and total particle mass. The techniques for measuring particulate matter number and size distribution have been used extensively in atmosphe
44、ric research and refined for measuring aircraft engine exhaust particle matter. TA B describes the methods researchers have developed to measure aircraft engine generated nonvolatile particle matter size distribution and number density. Measurement of these parameters can be used, with knowledge of
45、particle density and morphology, to estimate nonvolatile mass. 3.5 Sampling Sampling and transport of aircraft exhaust nonvolatile particle matter from the engine exit plane to a mass, size, or number density measurement analyzer is a complex process that requires special treatment to ensure particl
46、e matter physical characteristics are maintained. Much research has been performed on particle sampling since AIR5892A was issued. However, several research issues remain before a fully developed sampling methodology can be defined appropriately as a recommended practice. TA C describes sampling app
47、roaches currently recommended by researchers, and suggests further research needed to provide flexibility in probe design, line size and conditioning, and dilution schemes. Guidance is based on the various research activities undertaken in the past six years. Some research needs are obvious, and the
48、 committee believes that the particle matter sampling methodology will likely mature once efforts are made to resolve the issues through focused research studies. 3.6 Quantification TA D describes the calculation methodology to determine particle matter emission indices for mass and number. Specific
49、 instruction is presented for various sampling and measurement scenarios. Method derivation and examples are shown. This technique is a good candidate to become an Aerospace Recommend Practice (ARP) once comparative studies are undertaken with existing or new data and results supported by industry practitioners. 4. NOTES A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisi
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