1、AMS 2632AIssued 1974-03Revised 1995-03Superseding AMS 2632Inspection, Ultrasonic, of Thin Materials0.50 Inch (12.7 mm) and Under in Cross-Sectional Thickness1. SCOPE:1.1 Purpose: This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of flat, contoured, and cylindrical products having a c
2、ross-sectional thickness of 0.02 to 0.50 inches (0.5 to 12.7 mm). This specification does not apply to inspection of composite materials.1.2 Application: This process has been used typically for locating and defining internal defects, such as cracks, voids, laminations, and other structural disconti
3、nuities, which may or may not be exposed to the surface, but usage is not limited to such applications.2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS: The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other
4、 publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order.2.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AMS 5070 Steel Bars and Forgings, 0.18 - 0.23C (SAE 1022)SAE J300 Crankcase Oil Viscosity ClassificationAEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFIC
5、ATION Reaffirmed 2008-10SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infr
6、ingement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SAE International All rights reserved. No part
7、 of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-
8、776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2632A AMS 2632A SAE AMS 2632A- 2 -2.2 ASTM Publications: Available from
9、 ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187.ASTM E 127 Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlocksASTM E 317 Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsASTM E 428 Fabri
10、cation and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic InspectionASTM E 1065 Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units2.3 U.S. Government Publications: Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.MIL-STD-410 Non
11、destructive Testing Personnel, Qualification and Certification2.4 ANSI Publications: Available from American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street,New York, NY 10036-8002.ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture2.5 ASNT Publications: Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In
12、c., 1711 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing2.6 ATA Publications: Available from Air Transport Association, 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 2004-1707.ATA-105 G
13、uidelines for Training and Qualifying Personnel in Nondestructive Testing3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: 3.1 Qualification: 3.1.1 Personnel: Shall be qualified and certified in accordance with MIL-STD-410. Alternate procedures, such as ASNT-TC-1A or ATA-105, may be used if specified by the drawing or pur
14、chase order. It is the suppliers responsibility to ensure that personnel are certified and function within the limits of the applicable specification or procedure.AMS 2632A SAE AMS 2632A- 3 -3.1.2 Facilities: Shall be subject to survey and approval by purchaser. The ultrasonic test facility equipmen
15、t shall include, but not be limited to, the basic ultrasonic test instrument, search units (transducers), appropriate ultrasonic references, couplant materials, fixtures, reference specifications, immersion tanks where applicable, and documentation necessary to verify the qualification of equipment
16、and test personnel.3.2 Ultrasonic Test System: 3.2.1 Basic Ultrasonic Test Instrument: Shall be capable of producing, receiving, amplifying, and displaying on a cathode ray tube (CRT) high frequency signals at specific frequencies as required by the ultrasonic test. The ultrasonic instrument shall b
17、e of a pulse-reflection (echo), pulse-transmission type capable of operation at frequencies from 2.0 to 10.0 megahertz (MHz). The instrument shall be capable of being adapted with electronic circuitry, such as flaw gates, distance amplitude corrections, and alarms, that can aid in testing and interp
18、retation of flaw signals. The instrument shall have a minimum dynamic range of 30 decibels (dB) and shall have a transmit/receive crosstalk separation of at least 40 dB.3.2.1.1 Instrument Linearity: The instrument vertical and horizontal linearity shall meet or exceed 5% as defined in ASTM E 317. Wh
19、ere usable CRT dimensions differ from the 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) vertical dimension or 3.5 inches (88.9 mm) horizontal dimension, ASTM E 317 procedures still apply but in these cases, the graticule display on the CRT screen shall be used to establish the vertical and horizontal dimensions and the inst
20、rument shall be proportionately linear in accordance with ASTM E 317 procedures.3.2.1.2 Instrument Sensitivity: Instrument sensitivity or gain shall be calibrated in decibels and shall be accurate within 10% of the sensitivity setting, e.g., 1 dB at 10 dB, or 6 dB at 60 dB.3.2.1.3 Voltage Regulation
21、: If fluctuations in line voltage cause variations in the displayed signal amplitude or sweep length of 5% or greater, a power source voltage regulator shall be used. If fluctuations persist, proper adjustments to instrument or power source shall be made so that the system will operate within 5% lim
22、its. Battery powered systems are exempt from this requirement but such systems shall not be operated when the power source is below the level to achieve full vertical and horizontal display as viewed on the CRT graticule.3.2.1.4 Alarm: Whenever practical, an audible alarm shall be used in conjunctio
23、n with visual monitoring to identify signals which exceed the level established for the test. Alarm systems used for this purpose shall be level-adjustable over the display range of the CRT and shall be automatically triggered within 10% of the level of ultrasonic signal displayed on the CRT. The so
24、und level produced by the alarm during operation shall be sufficiently above ambient to ensure being heard by the operator.AMS 2632A SAE AMS 2632A- 4 -3.2.2 Ultrasonic Search Units: Ultrasonic search units shall be of a piezoelectric design, controlled as in ASTM E 1065, capable of both transmitting
25、 and receiving ultrasonic signals at the specific frequencies required by the test. When used with the ultrasonic test instrument, the search unit shall be capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic energy with a spectral distribution that includes the central frequency specified for the test.
26、 The peak of the spectral distribution of ultrasonic energy emitted from the search unit shall fall within 10% of the specified frequency established for the test.3.2.2.1 Search Unit Dimension and Styles: For testing thin materials, a variety of contact and immersion styles may be used. The choice i
27、s dependent on the test and the approved test procedure. Immersion flat and focused, contact, angle beam, liquid delay, and pressurized-couplant search unit systems may be used.3.2.2.2 Test Frequencies: No specific restrictions are imposed; however, use of frequencies below 5 MHz for longitudinal wa
28、ve inspection shall be approved by purchaser prior to testing.3.2.2.3 Ultrasonic Beam Profiles: 3.2.2.3.1 The transmission profile of the search unit shall not deviate more than 15% of the calculated curve for a search unit of that frequency and dimension. See Figure 1A. The sound beam of the search
29、 unit shall be within 2 degrees axial alignment with the outside housing. Both immersion and contact search units are subject to change with use and age. To ensure appropriate test capability, the history of each search unit shall be maintained in an appropriate log. The history on straight-beam sea
30、rch units shall include the type, style, frequency, serial number, size, and vendor or receiving acceptance ultrasonic profile of the ultrasonic beam transmitted from the search unit.3.2.2.3.2 The history of a focused search unit shall include both an axial profile and a cross-sectional profile whic
31、h establish the focal spot size (dimension of ultrasonic energy) at the peak of the focal zone. The cross-sectional dimension recorded for the focal spot shall be measured at the half amplitude level. See Figure 1B.3.2.2.3.3 The exit point and exit angle of ultrasonic energy and depth profile of the
32、 sound beam shall be established for angle-beam search units. Search units with beam angles departing more than 3 degrees from manufacturers indicated values shall not be used. Such units may be requalified to a new angle by verifying proper operation and by reidentifying the unit to the correct new
33、 beam angle. The International Institute of Welding (IIW) ultrasonic reference block (See Figure 2) or an appropriate substitute may be used to test the exit angle of angle-beam search units. The history of an angle-beam search unit shall include the type, style, size, frequency, serial number, and
34、vendor or receiving acceptance tests.3.2.3 Couplants: Couplants shall be used for all tests.AMS 2632A SAE AMS 2632A- 5 -3.2.3.1 Immersion: Couplants for immersion may include any appropriate fluid such as tap water, light oils, ethylene glycol, or alcohol. Such fluids may contain wetting agents to i
35、mprove couplant properties or rust inhibitors to reduce influence of the fluid on the material under test. No fluid may be used which stains, etches, or otherwise affects the surface of the material under test. Any fluid used for immersion testing shall be free of visible air bubbles and shall not e
36、xhibit excessive attenuation at the test frequency. The immersion technique is defined to include any liquid delay such as bubblers, columnators, squirters, ultrasonic wheels, and immersion tanks.3.2.3.2 Contact: Couplant materials for testing by the contact method shall not be injurious to the mate
37、rial being tested. Couplant materials may include any appropriate fluid such as water, light oils, low-viscosity greases, or penetrant emulsifiers. Glycerin shall not be used. Thin rubber-like wear membranes may be used between the search unit and the test part to prevent excessive search unit wear
38、provided such use is approved by purchaser. The couplant used shall be selected to ensure the best possible sound beam entry into the material under tests. As surface roughness influences the sound energy, couplant viscosity may be varied as a function of surface roughness. Table 1 provides a guide
39、for selection of direct contact couplant materials; other couplants of similar viscosity may be used. The contact technique is defined to include direct contact of a search unit to the test surface, use of contour surface wear shoes, and thin film couplant techniques such as the pressurized fluid (w
40、ater gap) system.3.2.4 Ultrasonic References (Standards): Ultrasonic references are required for all inspection to establish the performance of the inspection system and to interrelate the test results with reference reflectors. Because thin material testing involves many special problems in various
41、 type of materials, it is mandatory that the materials used for fabrications of ultrasonic references have the same ultrasonic properties as the product or part under test. Whenever practical, the ultrasonic references shall be made from the same material and with the same configuration as the part
42、under test.3.2.4.1 Material: Prior to fabrication, the material used for the ultrasonic reference shall be ultrasonically tested and proven to be free of imperfections that would influence the test. At the frequency selected for the test, the ultrasonic transmission characteristics shall not vary mo
43、re than 25% from those of the product or part to be tested.TABLE 1 - Couplant MaterialsApproximate SurfaceRoughness (ANSI B46.1) Couplant (SAE J300)5 to 100 RHR (0.1 to 2.5 m)50 to 125 RHR (1.2 to 3.2 m)100 to 200 RHR (2.5 to 5.1 m)SAE 10W Motor OilSAE 20W Motor OilSAE 30W Motor OilAMS 2632A SAE AMS
44、 2632A- 6 -3.2.4.2 Entry Surfaces: The configuration, of surface roughness, flatness, or contour, of the ultrasonic reference should approximate that the product or part to be tested. When product or part radius of curvature is less than 5 inches (127 mm), it may be necessary to use a curved surface
45、 ultrasonic reference to establish the operating parameters of the test. Requirement for a curved reference depends on type of test, direction of test, and size of search unit (See 3.2.4.5). The procedure used shall establish a minimum of a 2:1 signal-to-noise ratio with the minimum size reference d
46、iscontinuity used.3.2.4.3 Straight Beam Ultrasonic References: 3.2.4.3.1 Where the part thickness is greater than 0.125 inch (3.18 mm), the procedures established under ASTM E 127 and ASTM E 428 shall be used for manufacturing ultrasonic references for straight beam testing; these specifications des
47、cribe the manufacture of flat-bottom holes (FBH) in aluminum alloys and steels, but the same procedure may be used to manufacture references from other materials. Use of other materials is required where the ultrasonic transmission characteristics differs from that of the product to be tested by mor
48、e than 25%.3.2.4.3.2 Ultrasonic references may be made from thin materials, e.g., 0.125 inch (3.18 mm), by drilling appropriate flat-bottom holes of appropriate sizes and depths. The specifications for the flat-bottom hole remain the same as described in the ASTM specifications; only the material th
49、ickness requirement is altered.3.2.4.4 Angle Beam Ultrasonic References: For product or part thickness of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) and under, ultrasonic references in accordance with Figure 3 are required. The reference which most nearly approximates the product or part under test shall be used. Ultrasonic references may be made in a variety of thicknesses; however, a minimum of three are required to cover the range. Table 2 describes the applicable dimensions. Use of notches for angle beam ultrasonic reference blocks is preferred.TABLE 2A - Angle Be
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