1、 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Human Engineering Considerations for Design and Implementation of Perspective Flight Guidance Displays SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report
2、 is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. S
3、AE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2005 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
4、prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Issued 2005-01 ARP5589 FOREWORD Flight guidance for manually flown tasks is essential for p
5、recision navigation. Current generations of flight director guidance symbology function well in this role, but are limited in their ability to display future flight path information and may not be optimal for situation awareness or workload. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth d
6、esign and operational recommendations concerning the human factors/crew interface considerations and criteria for perspective flight guidance displays which offer potential for increased situation awareness and precision flight path control. This document is the first of two recommended practice doc
7、uments that will address perspective flight guidance displays (PFGD). This document will focus on human factors issues associated with perspective head-down displays, and not address architecture issues. A second ARP document will be developed to provide recommended practices for the design and impl
8、ementation of perspective displays applied as head-up (HUD) and helmet- or head-mounted (HMD) displays. In this document, the display and control characteristics are covered for displays that contain perspective flight guidance components. This document addresses design and implementation without re
9、gard to the display background even though synthetic vision, terrain depictions, or enhanced vision sensor imagery, for example, are typically used. A separate ARP will address design guidance of EVS and SVS. Design considerations for the integration of perspective flight guidance and EVS/SVS and ot
10、her attributes are addressed herein. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address currently envisioned functionality for a p
11、erspective flight guidance display, namely: stabilization of flight path; aircraft energy management; vertical and lateral navigation, as well as external hazards such as weather, traffic, and terrain. SAE ARP5589 - 2 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The following document was a collaborative effort of many dedica
12、ted and experienced individuals who provided the perspective from a representative cross section of the international aerospace industry. Their efforts and contributions have resulted in a document that considers flight crew performance issues and implementation, certification and operational limita
13、tions and constraints. We also wish to thank all the many individuals who contributed to the depth and quality of this document through their constructive reviews and comments. SAE ARP5589 - 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2 1. SCOPE 5 1.1 Purpose5 2. REFERENCES.5 2.1 Applicable Docu
14、ments .5 2.1.1 SAE Publications6 2.1.2 FAA Publications7 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications .7 2.2 Other Applicable References .8 2.3 Regulatory Publications .8 2.4 Related Publications 9 2.5 Definition of Terms.11 2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations .14 3. ASSUMPTIONS.15 4. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND OBJECTIVES15
15、4.1 Design Requirements.16 4.2 Design Objectives 16 5. CONCEPT OF PERSPECTIVE DISPLAYS.17 5.1 Basic Philosophy - Why Perspective Guidance? .17 5.2 Underlying Rationale17 5.3 Advantages 18 5.4 Potential Disadvantages 18 5.5 Issues.18 5.6 Data Integration versus Workload Reduction.19 5.7 Minimize Ment
16、al Rotations.19 5.8 Preview 19 6. PFGD DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6.1 Display Characteristics.19 6.1.1 Field of Regard.19 6.1.2 Frame of Reference .20 6.2 Elements of 3-D Data Presentation20 6.2.1 Spatial Orientation20 6.2.2 Pathway Depiction .20 SAE ARP5589 - 4 - 6.2.3 Control Task.21 6.2.4 Trajecto
17、ry Guidance.21 6.3 Flight Crew Interface Requirements.21 6.3.1 Mode Change.21 6.3.2 PFGD Differentiation21 6.3.3 Declutter Mode(s).21 6.4 PFGD Elements and Information Content22 6.4.1 Presentation of Pathway 22 6.5 Planned/Geo-referenced Mode28 6.5.1 Geo-referenced Track Guidance28 6.5.2 Geo-referen
18、ced Pathway Reacquisition.29 6.6 Pathway Guidance Augmentation - Flight Director/Auto-Flight Coupled Modes29 6.6.1 Examples of Design Requirements29 6.7 Other Information Integration in the 3-D World 29 6.7.1 Terrain29 6.7.2 Traffic .29 6.7.3 Weather30 6.7.4 Restricted/Special Use Airspace30 6.7.5 O
19、bstacles .30 6.8 2-D Overlay Symbology/Instruments Not Directly Related to the 3-D World .30 6.8.1 Aeroperformance Data.30 APPENDIX A REPRESENTATIVE PERSPECTIVE DISPLAY(S) 32 APPENDIX B SUPPORTING DATA - PERSPECTIVE FLIGHT GUIDANCE PHILOSOPHY 62 APPENDIX C SUPPORTING DATA - FLIGHT DIRECTOR MODES .66
20、 SAE ARP5589 - 5 - 1. SCOPE: The document focuses on perspective flight displays with or without guidance and is intended for flight deck display applications. Further, this document does not directly address the presence or absence of background information, e.g., synthetic and/or enhanced imagery.
21、 Such issues are addressed in a separate E/SVS document. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and regulations. When “shall” statements are used, the regulation or standa
22、rd is referenced (where applicable). 1.1 Purpose: The purpose of this document is to set forth the recommendations of SAE Committee G-10 Perspective Flight Display Subcommittee relative to the requirements for design and implementation of electronic perspective predictive flight display information
23、systems for use as a primary flight display, which may or may not also use synthetic or enhanced imagery in its background. These recommendations are intended to be intuitive and easily interpretable to minimize confusion, distraction and fatigue, thereby reducing crew workload and increasing crew p
24、erformance, efficiency, safety and reducing factors detrimental to flight safety. In arriving at these recommendations the committee carefully reviewed the layouts of modern commercial and military aircraft, developmental tiltrotor flight deck/cockpit layouts, the recommendations and requirements of
25、 the Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft and Rotorcraft Certification Branches, the Avionics Branch, and the requirements of commercial operators and aircraft/avionics original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). In cases where conflicting opinions existed, suitable compromises were made. 2. REFERE
26、NCES: 2.1 Applicable Documents: The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflic
27、t between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. SAE ARP5589 - 6 - 2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400
28、Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. AS264 Instrument and Cockpit lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP268 Location and Actuation of Flight Deck Controls for Transport Aircraft AS425C Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck ARP571 Flight Deck Controls and Display
29、s for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft ARP1068B Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraft ARP1093 Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARP1161 Crew Station Lighting - Commercial Aircraf
30、t ARP1782 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Direct View CRT Displays ARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4032 Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4033 Pilot-System Integration
31、 ARP4101 Core Document, Flight Deck Layout and Facilities ARP4101/2 Pilot Visibility from the Flight Deck ARP4102 Core Document, Flight Deck Panels, Controls and Displays ARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting Systems ARP4102/7 Electronic Displays ARP4102/7 Appendix A - Electronic Display Symbology for EADI
32、/PFD ARP4102/7 Appendix B - Electronic Display Symbology for EHSI/ND ARP4102/7 Appendix C - Electronic Display Symbology for Engine Displays SAE ARP5589 - 7 - 2.1.1 (Continued): ARP4105 Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on the Flight Deck ARP4107 Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors Engineers ARP41
33、53 Human Interface Criteria for Collision Avoidance Systems in Transport Aircraft ARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4260 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View Flat Panel Displays (when approved) ARP5119 Lo
34、cation of and Display Symbology Requirements for Head-down Electronic Flight Displays for Steep Instrument Approaches ARP5289 Standardized Color and Symbology for Displays AS8034 Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays ARD50018 The Integration of Vertical Flight A
35、ircraft Into The National Airspace System 2.1.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591. FAA-RD-81-38II Aircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et. al., 1
36、981) DOT/FAA/PS-89/1 Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et. al. 1989) 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications: EUROCAE ED76/RTCA DO200A Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data EUROCAE ED77/RTCA DO201A Industry Requirements for Aeronautical Information SAE ARP5589 - 8 - 2.2 Other Applicable Ref
37、erences: FAA Advisory Circular AC 25-11, of 07-16-87, Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems FAA Advisory Circular AC 120-29a, of 12 August 2002, Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for Approach FAA AC-23.1309-1A Equipment, Systems, and Installations in
38、 Part 23 Airplane FAA AC-23.1311-1 Installation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems in Part 23 Airplanes FAA AC 25-11 Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems FAA AC 25.1309-1A System Design Analysis Aeronautical Design Standard-33 (ADS-33) Handling Qualities Requirements for Mili
39、tary Rotorcraft, (US Army Aviation document) MIL-STD-1472_ Design Criteria Standard for Human Engineering, Revision F (www.mil-std-) 2.3 Regulatory Publications: FAR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes FAR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Tran
40、sport Category Airplanes JAR Part 25 Joint Aerospace Regulations Airworthiness Standards for Aeroplanes in Transport Category FAR Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARP) Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft TSO-C113 Airborne Multipurp
41、ose Electronic Displays SAE ARP5589 - 9 - 2.4 Related Publications: Anderson, Berson, Boucek, LaLumiere-Grubbs, and Williams; Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, unpublished, 1989 Kelley, Greaber and Fadden, Applying Crew Centered Concepts to Flight Deck Techno
42、logy; The Boeing 777, Flight Safety Foundation 45th International Air Safety Seminar, Long Beach, CA November, 1992 Civil Tiltrotor Missions and Applications: A Research Study; NASA Contractor Report 177451, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Bell Textron, Boeing Vertol, NASA ARC., November 1987 Ga
43、rland, Wise and Hopkin, Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1999 Grunwald, A.J., J.B. Robertson and J.J. Hatfield. (1980). Evaluation of a Computer- Generated Perspective Tunnel Display for Flight-Path Following, NASA TP1736, Langley, VA. Grunwald, A.J. (1985
44、). Predictor Laws for Pictorial Flight Displays. J. Guidance, Vol.8, No. 5, 545-552 Integrated Cockpit Assessment; NASA Contract NAS2-13625 Phase 2 Task 15, Draft Report, June 1995 Managing The Modern Cockpit: Third Human Error Avoidance Techniques Conference Proceedings; SAE P-239, Society of Autom
45、otive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 1990 Newman, Richard L., Head-Up Displays: Designing the Way Ahead, Ashgate Publishing Company, Brookfield, VT, 1995 Reising, J.M., Liggett, K.K., Kustra, T.W. and Snow, M.P. (1998). Evaluation of pathway symbology used to land from curved approaches with varying
46、 visibility conditions. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42ndAnnual Meeting, Chicago, IL, pp. 1-5 Stokes, Kite and Wickens; Display Technology Human Factors Concepts, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa, 1990 Theunissen, E., Integrated Design of a Man-Machine Inter
47、face for 4-D Navigation, Delft University Press, Delft, Netherlands, 1997 SAE ARP5589 - 10 - 2.4 (Continued): Theunissen, E. and Rademaker, R.M. (2001). Spatially Integrated Depiction of Dynamic Trajectories, SAE 2001-01-2960. Proceedings of the World Aviation Conference, September 10-14, Seattle, W
48、A Theunissen, E., R.M. Rademaker and T.J. Etherington (2002). Path Intercept Functionality for Perspective Flight Path Displays, Proceedings of the AIAA 2001 MST Conference, paper no. AIAA 2002-4788 (11 pages), Monterey, CA Theunissen, E., F.D. Roefs, G.J.M. Koeners, Delft, R.M. Rademaker and T.J. E
49、therington (2004). Integration of Imaging Sensor Data into a Synthetic Vision Display, to be published in the proceedings of the 23rdDigital Avionics Systems Conference, October 24-28, Salt Lake City, UT V-22 Side-Stick Controller Study, Bell*Boeing FSD V-22 Contract, Boeing Helicopters, Philadelphia, PA, 1990 Wickens, C.D., Todd, S., and Seidler, K. (1989). Three-dimensional displays: Perception, implementation, applications. Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, #CSERIAC SOAR-89-01, University of Illinois Wilkins, R., Harris, K. and Walz, C., Precis
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