1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org ARP5945 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 2007-07 Endurance Time Tests for Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids SAE Type I RATIONALE The purpose of ARP5945 is to provide the sample selection and endurance time test
5、 procedures for SAE Type I aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids required for the generation of endurance time data of acceptable quality for review by the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee. The document was previously balloted and comments were received from the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee.
6、This document consists of the revised ARP5945. FOREWORD This document describes the procedures to be employed in the conduct of endurance time testing of aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids certified under requirements of AMS 1424. Endurance time is defined as the time that a fluid can endure control
7、led and defined temperature and freezing precipitation conditions before attaining visual failure. These temperature and precipitation conditions were developed taking into consideration meteorological data. The resulting endurance time data are presented to the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee f
8、or examination and validation. If found to be of acceptable quality, these data are used to update the holdover time (HOT) guidelines, which are used by many of the worlds airlines in assessing the time of effectiveness of aircraft anti-icing fluids. HOT guidelines are published in regulatory docume
9、nts such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administrations Flight Standards Information Bulletin for Air Transportation (FSAT) and Transport Canada HOT Guidelines. Other organizations, including the Association of European Airlines (AEA), publish HOT guidelines derived from endurance time data. In prior
10、years, fluids were tested in a laboratory environment that was similar to outdoor natural conditions in order to generate the data from which HOT guidelines were formulated. These laboratory methods evolved over several years and had been tacitly accepted. This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) p
11、rovides written documentation of the procedures to be employed for laboratory endurance time testing in freezing fog, freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, and rain on a cold-soaked wing conditions. Frost holdover times are currently based on the high humidity endurance test described in AS5901. A
12、frost test is being developed and will be included in future versions of this document. Prior to the year 2000, the Type I fluid HOT range used by operators worldwide in snow conditions was 6 to 15 min, based on early substantiation tests carried out by several organizations. During the 1999-2000 wi
13、nter, a series of Type I fluid endurance time tests in natural snow were performed using a natural snow test protocol similar to that included within ARP5485, which was developed for testing SAE Type II, Type III, and Type IV fluids. These Type I fluid endurance time data suggested that the snow HOT
14、 range for Type I fluid was lower than the 6 to 15 min HOT range. Subsequently, at the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee meeting in Toulouse, France in May 2000, the SAE Type I HOT range for snow was reduced to values significantly shorter than 6 to 15 min. The reduction in fluid endurance times c
15、oincided with the general realization that the test protocol for Type I endurance times required further verification. As a result, a new test protocol was developed for measuring endurance times for SAE Type I fluids that more closely reflects real field operations. The new protocol simulates the f
16、ull nature of actual deicing/anti-icing operations on real wings in the natural environment. This new protocol employs a new test surface that provides a thermal equivalent to an aircraft wing leading edge. This test surface produces a more accurate representation of the temperature decay rate demon
17、strated by wings following application of heated Type I fluids in natural outdoor conditions. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5945 - 2 - This ARP contains the natural snow endu
18、rance time test protocol that was developed for use in the time subsequent to the May 2000 Toulouse SAE G-12 meetings, as described in the above paragraph. A future version of this ARP will contain the laboratory snow test methods that have been developed and are being incorporated into ARP5485. TAB
19、LE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 6 1.1 Purpose. 6 1.2 Examination of Endurance Time Data 6 1.3 Limits. 6 1.4 Testing Agent(s) 6 1.4.1 Independence of the Testing Agent 6 1.4.2 Role of the Testing Agent . 6 1.4.3 Sending Samples 6 1.5 Facility/Site 6 1.5.1 Independence of the Test Facility/Site 6 1.5.2 Role o
20、f the Facility/Site . 7 1.6 Units 7 1.7 Safety 7 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 7 2.1 SAE Publications. 7 2.2 ASTM Publications 8 2.3 ISO Publications 8 2.4 Transport Canada Publications 8 2.5 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Documents. 8 2.6 Other Applicable References 8 3. SAE TYPE I FLUID SAMPLES EL
21、IGIBLE FOR ENDURANCE TIME TESTING. 8 3.1 Requirements 8 3.1.1 Normal Batch 8 3.1.2 Ready-to-Use Fluid . 9 3.1.3 Fluid Concentrate 9 3.1.4 Composition of Hard Water. 9 3.1.5 Manufacturers Documentation . 9 3.2 Testing Agent Duties. 9 3.2.1 Conduct WSET and Report WSET Results for Ready-to-Use-Fluid 9
22、 3.2.2 Conduct WSET and Report WSET Results on Fluid Concentrate . 9 3.2.3 Check Documentation. 10 3.2.4 Check WSET. 10 3.3 Authorization to Proceed with Endurance Time Testing. 10 3.3.1 Manufacturers Authorization to Proceed 10 3.3.2 Final Check . 10 3.4 Condition of the Sample to be Tested for End
23、urance Times 10 3.4.1 Freezing Point. 10 3.4.2 Lowest Test Temperature. 10 3.4.3 Shear Level of Fluids Employed in Endurance Time Testing. 10 4. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - GENERAL. 10 4.1 Purpose. 10 4.2 Summary of the Tests. 11 4.3 General Versus Specific Requirements 11 4.4 Facility/Site Qualification.
24、 11 4.5 General Environmental Chamber Equipment. 11 4.5.1 Air Temperature Sensor 11 4.5.2 Lighting 11 4.5.3 Data Acquisition System . 11 4.5.4 Temperature Control Equipment. 11 4.5.5 Air Distribution System 11 4.5.6 Water Supply for Nozzles . 12 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under lice
25、nse with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5945 - 3 - 4.6 Calibration and Measurement Methods 12 4.6.1 Calibration of Standard Measuring Devices . 12 4.6.2 Icing Intensity Measurement Methods 12 4.6.3 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity
26、Variability Across Test Plates. 13 4.6.4 Horizontal Air Velocity Measurement 13 4.6.5 Water Droplet Size Measurement. 13 4.7 General Test Procedures 14 4.7.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 14 4.7.2 Appearance of Frozen Contamination 14 4.7.3 Delayed Crystallization . 14 4.7.4 Report . 15 5. ENDURANCE TIME T
27、EST - FROST 15 6. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - FREEZING FOG . 15 6.1 Freezing Fog Test Equipment and Test Parameters 15 6.1.1 Environmental Chamber Equipment and Plates. 15 6.1.2 Test Plates 16 6.1.3 Spray Equipment. 17 6.1.4 Example of Spray Equipment . 17 6.2 Freezing Fog Measurement Methods. 17 6.2.1 Ic
28、ing Intensity Measurement Methods 17 6.2.2 Icing Intensity Variability Measurement Methods . 19 6.3 Freezing Fog Test Conditions. 19 6.4 Freezing Fog Test Procedure . 20 6.4.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 20 6.4.2 Temperature Verification. 20 6.4.3 Failure Time 20 6.4.4 Icing Intensity 20 6.4.5 Delayed Cr
29、ystallization . 20 6.4.6 Failure Criterion. 20 6.4.7 Reproducibility/Precision. 21 6.4.8 Report . 21 7. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - LABORATORY SNOW . 23 8. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - FREEZING DRIZZLE 23 8.1 Freezing Drizzle Test Equipment and Test Parameters.23 8.1.1 Environmental Chamber Equipment and Plates.
30、 23 8.1.2 Test Plates 24 8.1.3 Ice-Catch Pans 24 8.1.4 Spray Equipment. 24 8.1.5 Example of Spray Equipment . 24 8.2 Freezing Drizzle Measurement Methods 24 8.2.1 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity. 24 8.2.2 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity Variability Across Test Plate. 24 8.3 Freezing
31、Drizzle Test Conditions 25 8.4 Freezing Drizzle Test Procedure 25 8.4.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 25 8.4.2 Temperature Verification. 25 8.4.3 Failure Time 25 8.4.4 Icing Intensity 25 8.4.5 Delayed Crystallization . 25 8.4.6 Failure Criterion. 25 8.4.7 Reproducibility/Precision. 26 8.4.8 Report . 26 9.
32、ENDURANCE TIME TEST - LIGHT FREEZING RAIN. 27 9.1 Light Freezing Rain Test Equipment and Test Parameters 27 9.1.1 Environmental Chamber Equipment and Plates. 27 9.1.2 Test Plates 28 9.1.3 Ice-catch Pans 29 9.1.4 Spray Equipment. 29 9.1.5 Example of Spray Equipment . 29 Copyright SAE International Pr
33、ovided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5945 - 4 - 9.2 Light Freezing Rain Measurement Methods. 29 9.2.1 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity. 29 9.2.2 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity Variability Across
34、Test Plates. 29 9.3 Light Freezing Rain Test Conditions. 30 9.4 Light Freezing Rain Test Procedure . 30 9.4.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 30 9.4.2 Temperature Verification. 30 9.4.3 Failure Time 30 9.4.4 Icing Intensity 30 9.4.5 Delayed Crystallization . 30 9.4.6 Failure Criterion. 30 9.4.7 Reproducibili
35、ty/Precision. 30 9.4.8 Report . 30 10. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - RAIN ON A COLD-SOAKED WING . 30 10.1 Rain on a Cold-Soaked Wing Test Equipment and Test Parameters 30 10.1.1 Environmental Chamber Equipment and Plates. 30 10.1.2 Test Plates 31 10.1.3 Cold-Soak Box 31 10.1.4 Spray Equipment. 32 10.1.5 Exa
36、mple of Spray Equipment . 32 10.2 Measurement Methods for Rain on a Cold-Soaked Wing 32 10.2.1 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity. 32 10.2.2 Measurement Methods for Icing Intensity Variability Across Test Plates. 32 10.3 Rain on a Cold-Soaked Wing Test Conditions . 32 10.4 Rain on a Cold-Soaked
37、 Wing Test Procedure 33 10.4.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 33 10.4.2 Temperature Verification. 33 10.4.3 Failure Time 33 10.4.4 Icing Intensity 33 10.4.5 Delayed Crystallization . 33 10.4.6 Failure Criterion. 33 10.4.7 Reproducibility/Precision. 33 10.4.8 Report . 33 11. ENDURANCE TIME TEST - NATURAL SNO
38、W. 35 11.1 Snow Test Equipment and Test Parameters 35 11.1.1 Conditions and Equipment 35 11.1.2 Outside Air Temperature Measurements 35 11.1.3 Lighting 35 11.1.4 Wind Speed. 35 11.1.5 Calibration of Standard Measuring Devices . 35 11.1.6 Test Plates 36 11.1.7 Empty Aluminum Boxes and Test Stand 36 1
39、1.1.8 Markings 36 11.1.9 Stand. 36 11.1.10 Wind Orientation of the Test Stand. 37 11.1.11 Plate Pan for Precipitation Rate Measurement. 37 11.2 Snow Measurement Methods . 37 11.2.1 Measurement Method for Snow Intensity . 37 11.2.2 Rate Calculation 38 11.3 Snow Test Precipitation Rate 39 11.4 Snow Te
40、st Temperature . 39 11.5 Snow Test Procedure . 39 11.5.1 Test Plate Cleanliness 39 11.5.2 Fluid Application 39 11.5.3 Failure Time 40 11.5.4 Failure Criterion. 40 11.5.5 Reproducibility/Precision. 40 11.5.6 Type and Classification of Solid Precipitation. 41 11.5.7 Report . 41 Copyright SAE Internati
41、onal Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5945 - 5 - 12. NOTES 41 12.1 Key Words. 41 FIGURE 1 EXAMPLE OF SPRAY NOZZLE FOR FREEZING FOG 21 FIGURE 2 ARRANGEMENT OF ICE-CATCH PLATES AND REFERENCE ICE-CATCH PLATES
42、. 22 FIGURE 3 ICE-CATCH PANS 26 FIGURE 4 EXAMPLE OF A HYDRAULIC NOZZLE FOR FREEZING DRIZZLE 27 FIGURE 5 COLD-SOAK BOX 34 FIGURE 6 TEST STAND AND BOXES 36 FIGURE 7 EXAMPLE OF SCHEMATIC OF PLATE PAN 37 FIGURE 8 CALCULATION OF OUTDOOR PRECIPITATION RATE 38 FIGURE 9 TYPE OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION 42 FIGUR
43、E 10 DILUTION FAILURE . 43 FIGURE 11 SNOW BRIDGING FAILURE 43 TABLE 1 EXAMPLES OF WATER DROPLET SIZE MEASURING METHODS . 14 TABLE 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR FREEZING FOG TEST EQUIPMENT . 16 TABLE 3 FREEZING FOG TEST CONDITIONS . 20 TABLE 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR FREEZING DRIZZLE TEST EQUIPMENT 23 TABLE 5 FREEZING
44、 DRIZZLE TEST CONDITIONS 25 TABLE 6 REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHT FREEZING RAIN TEST EQUIPMENT. 28 TABLE 7 LIGHT FREEZING RAIN TEST CONDITIONS. 29 TABLE 8 REQUIREMENTS FOR RAIN ON A COLD-SOAKED WING TEST EQUIPMENT 31 TABLE 9 RAIN ON A COLD-SOAKED WING TEST CONDITION 32 TABLE 10 REQUIREMENTS FOR NATURAL SNO
45、W TEST EQUIPMENT . 35 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5945 - 6 - 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this ARP is to provide the sample selection criteria and test procedures fo
46、r SAE Type I aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids, required for the generation of endurance time data of acceptable quality for review by the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee. A significant body of previous research and testing has indicated that all Type I fluids formulated with glycol perform in
47、a similar manner from an endurance time perspective. This applies to Type I deicing/anti-icing fluids formulated with propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol only. Type I deicing/anti-icing fluids containing these glycol bases no longer require testing for endurance times. The metho
48、ds described in this ARP shall be employed, however, if endurance time testing of a glycol-based Type I deicing/anti-icing fluid is desired or requested by a fluid manufacturer, operator or other organization. Fluids formulated with glycol bases other than those listed herein, and all non-glycol Type I deicing/anti-icing fluids, must be tested for endurance times using the methods described in this ARP (as appropriate). 1.2 Examination of Endurance Time Data Periodically, the SAE G-12 Holdover Time Subcommittee examines endurance time test data of SAE Type I aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluid
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