1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP6023AEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEPARP6023 Issued 2013-09 Human Engineering Conside
5、rations for Implementing Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems in Vertical Flight Capable Platforms RATIONALEThe use of enhanced visual scene content as both a tool to increase situation awareness and as a sole flight guidance display has increased and will continue to increase. Correct implementation o
6、f these types of displays is essential and critical to safe vertical flight-specific operations.SAE G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology (ABET) Committee, specifically the G-10V Vertical Flight Subcommittee, has been tasked by Helicopter Association International (HAI) to provide documen
7、t guidance to implement Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems (ESVS) into vertical flight aircraft (rotorcraft and powered lift air vehicles) used in operations where there is an increasing mishap record associated with loss of SA and inability to operate at low altitude in degraded visual environments
8、(DVE).FOREWORDSome of the intended uses of vertical flight and/or rotary-winged platforms (e.g., rotorcraft and powered lift vehicles), are inherently different than conventional fixed wing platforms. The issues associated with enhanced synthetic vision systems implemented into vertical flight platf
9、orms have some special considerations that must be addressed. These special considerations are related to these VF platforms ability to operate in off-airport and non-prepared facilities and unimproved landing areas. This document complements the SAE G-10 Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems (ESVS) Sub
10、committee ARP5677 Human Engineering Considerations for Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems by identifying and recommending human engineering best practices in the design of ESVS for, and implementation into, vertical flight platforms. It also draws from ARD50019, Human Engineering Issues for Enhanced
11、Vision Systems. This document is intended to provide a central source for recommending human engineering applications concerning ESVS in vertical flight platforms as an aid for development, design and implementation. Any comments or information concerning the data contained in the document shall be
12、directed to the subcommittee chairman. DEFINITIONAn enhanced synthetic vision system (ESVS) generates and displays visual imagery based upon sensor information of the out-of-cockpit scene in front of an aircraft, combined with a computer-generated visual scene representing the out-of-the-cockpit vie
13、w of terrain and selected scene data. The sensor(s) is/are designed to penetrate degraded visual environmental conditions better than unaided human vision, while the computer generated scene is unaffected by environmental conditions.SAE ARP6023 Page 2 of 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 1.1 Purpose .
14、 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications . 4 2.2 Other Applicable References 5 2.3 Regulatory Publications 6 2.4 Definition of Terms 6 2.5 Acronyms and Abbreviations 10 3. ASSUMPTIONS 12 4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES . 13 4.1 System Requirements . 13 4.2 Concept of Operations/Inte
15、nded Use (see also ARP5677 Section 5 Design Objectives) . 14 4.2.1 NVG Compatibility . 14 4.2.2 Intended Functions . 14 4.2.3 Flight Operations . 14 5. ESVS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (SEE ARP5677) . 16 5.1 Display Method (see ARP5677 Section 6) . 16 5.2 Egocentric versus Exocentric and Allocentric . 16
16、5.3 Symbology 16 5.4 Moding Control and Annunciation . 16 5.5 Egocentric versus Exocentric and Allocentric . 17 5.6 System Considerations - Availability and Alerting 17 5.6.1 Display Use - Head Up (“eyes out“) versus Head Down Displays . 17 5.7 Image Considerations (see ARP5677) . 17 5.8 Visual and
17、Cognitive Masking . 18 5.9 Update Rate 18 5.10 Latency 18 5.11 Image Quality 18 5.11.1 Factors affecting Image Quality 18 5.11.2 Flicker Vertigo . 18 5.12 Depiction of Obstacles 19 5.13 Color 19 5.14 Texture 19 5.15 Registration (HMD) . 20 6. SENSORS/IMAGE SOURCE . 20 6.1 Parallax . 20 6.2 Database
18、(SV) . 20 6.2.1 Sensor (Image) Fusion (Enhanced) Information 21 6.3 Guidance . 21 6.4 Unusual Attitude Recognition and Recovery 21 6.5 Cockpit Integration 21 6.6 Interactions with Use of Autopilot/FMS . 22 7. WORKLOAD IMPLICATIONS (SEE ARP5677) . 22 7.1 System/Sensor control 22 7.2 Autobrightness/Au
19、tocontrast . 22 8. TRAINING (SEE ARP5677) 22 8.1 Initial Training 22 SAE ARP6023 Page 3 of 25 9. SYSTEM SAFETY 23 10. PERFORMANCE TESTING (SEE ARP5677) 23 11. NOTES 23 APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY . 24 SAE ARP6023 Page 4 of 25 1. SCOPE The scope of this Vertical Flight document is limited to human behavi
20、oral technologies associated with design and/or implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems (ESVS) in vertical flight aircraft. Any overlap into logic problems or hardware/software design shall be considered to be incidental to the human factors issues. Where the performance characteristics
21、of specific technologies are relevant they will be identified, and where performance criteria are relevant to specific intended functions/use they will be identified.From a regulatory view, intended function (Full Flight Guidance or Information/Situation Awareness support) has a tremendous effect up
22、on the design of an ESV System. However from a Human Engineering standpoint, the information on display must be discernible and comprehensible to the human operator in both cases and differences may be primarily in information content (required to support a specific task).The document is independent
23、 of candidate technologies and concentrates on human interface criteria. This document does not include consideration of detection and/or display of air targets or integration of systems such as TCAS. 1.1 Purpose This document addresses human factors considerations and requirements in data access, d
24、isplay comprehension, interpretation and application of imagery and integrated symbology in Enhanced (sensor) and Synthetic (database) Vision Systems as applicable to vertical flight platforms, and is a compilation of human factors recommended practices in the design and/or implementation of ESVS. I
25、t may be updated to reflect research and development results and as the technology improves and applications expand, the coverage of the document will be expanded.2. REFERENCES A full bibliography has been compiled and is attached as Appendix A. 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications fo
26、rm a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited here
27、in, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (
28、inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.ARP571 Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft AS580 Pilot Visibility from the Flight Deck Design Objectives for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP1068 Flight Deck Instrumenta
29、tion, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraft AIR1093 Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARP1782 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View CRT Displays ARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 2
30、5 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4032 Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays SAE ARP6023 Page 5 of 25 ARP4107 Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors Engineers ARP4155 Human Interface Design Methodology fo
31、r Integrated Display Symbology ARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) AircraftARP5288 Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems ARP5677 Human Engineering Considerations for Airborne Implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems AS8034 Mini
32、mum Performance Standard for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays AS8055 Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) ARD50019 Human Engineering Issues for Enhanced Vision Systems 2.2 Other Applicable References AMJ25. 1309 System Design Analysis (EASA) ADS-33 Handling Qualit
33、y Ratings ED-179B MASPS for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight, EUROCAE, 2011 FAA AC 20-175 Controls for Flight Deck Systems FAA AC 23-26 Synthetic Vision and Pathway Depictions on the Primary Flight Display FAA AC 25-11A (of 06-21-07) Tran
34、sport Category Airplane Electronic Display SystemsFAA AC 120-29a (of 12 August 2002) Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for ApproachFAA AC-23.1309-1C Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplane FAA AC-23.1311-1B Installation of Electronic Display Instrum
35、ent Systems In Part 23 Airplanes FAA AC-25.1309-1A System Design Analysis FAA AC-150/5390-2_ Heliport Design FAA AC-150/5390-3_ Vertiport Design Flight Safety Foundation Human Factors Arrangement and Visibility FAR Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft FAR Part 29 Airworthiness
36、 Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft TSO-C113 Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays RTCA DO-309 Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS) Airborne Equipment, March 13, 2008, RTCA SC-212RTCA DO-315B Minimum Aviation Syst
37、em Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems, SC-213, Washington, DC, June 2011 RTCA SC-213 (Joint with EUROCAE WG-79) Enhanced Flight Vision Systems/Synthetic Vision Systems, (EFVS/SVS)MIL-STD-1472
38、F Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities NATO RTO Technical Report HFM-091/RTG-027: Common Methodological Basis for Evaluation and Testing of Visionic Devices; Chapter 3 - Sensor Technologies for Enhanced and Synthetic Vision Systems NATO RTO Technical Repor
39、t HFM-162 Rotary-Wing Brownout Mitigation: Technologies and Training, Chapter 4 TECHNOLOGY: SENSORS AND DATA PROCESSING NASA Report ARL-02-6/NASA-02-4, 2002, Spatial Awareness Biases (Wickens)2.4 Definition of Terms ACTUAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (ANP): A measure of the current estimated navigation p
40、erformance, excluding Flight Technical Error (FTE). Actual Navigation Performance is measured in terms of accuracy and integrity, and may be affected by the type and availability of navigation signals and equipment. NOTE: Also see Estimated Position Uncertainty (EPU).ALLOCENTRIC: Scene-based frame o
41、f reference particularly with respect to the objects spatial location; an observer-independent (possibly earth-fixed) frame of reference.CLUTTER: Clutter is an attribute of poorly organized and crowded displays. A cluttered display is one which uses an excessive number and/or variety of symbols, col
42、ors, or small spatial relationships. This causes increased processing time for display interpretation. It generally results in reduced display legibility, and/or in increases in the time needed to locateand interpret information on the display. COGNITIVE CAPTURE: Also known as cognitive tunneling, t
43、ask fascination or “attentional“ capture. The compelling phenomenon in which the observer is too focused on the instrumentation (display) and not on the whole environment.SAE ARP6023 Page 7 of 25 COMBINED VISION SYSTEM (CVS): The CVS concept involves a combination of synthetic and enhanced systems.
44、Some examples of a CVS include database-driven synthetic vision images combined with real-time sensor images superimposed and correlated on the same display.1COMMAND INFORMATION: Information that directs the pilot to follow a course of action in a specific situation (e.g., Flight Director or TCAS RA
45、 - resolution advisory). COMMAND REFERENCE FRAME: A symbol, appropriately colored, indicating the position within which the pilot shall place the flight path marker to affect the desired flight performance response. CONFORMAL INFORMATION: Information which correctly overlays the image of the real wo
46、rld, irrespective of the pilots viewing position. Conformal means having a 1:1 angular and scalar relationship. For displays the field of regard is the same as the field of view. COPLANAR DISPLAYS: Devices whose display surfaces lie in the same two dimensional plane. Also use this to describe views
47、like the plan view and VPD. DATA FUSION: Combining or consolidation and integration of separate data sources into a single entity where each data source is indistinguishable. DEGRADED VISUAL ENVIRONMENT: Atmospheric conditions where the visibility is restricted by obscurants or environmental conditi
48、ons optical perception of the pilot in the loop is diminished to less than VMC conditions as defined by FAR/CAR. DESIGN EYE POSITION: The midpoint of the line segment of the vision line connecting two points that represent the predicted eye positions of the extremes of the aircrew population. DESIGN
49、 EYE POSITION (DEP): The location, specified by the airframe manufacturer, from which the pilot can view cockpit instrumentation, have adequate external view, and can reach cockpit controls. (FAA AC-25.773-1) DESIGN VIEWING ENVELOPE(S): Range of possible angles, horizontal and vertical from the normal axis of the display, from which the unit would be viewed. There are two envelopes of concern: the primary envelope which defines the range of
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