1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP6402A AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP6402 REV. A Issued 2011-06 Revised 201
5、1-11Reaffirmed 2016-05 Superseding ARP6402 LED Landing, Taxiing, Runway Turnoff, and Recognition Lights RATIONALE ARP6402A has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. FOREWORD This document provides guidance material for the design, qualification, certification and use of LED
6、 based Landing, Taxiing, Runway Turnoff Lights, and Recognition Lights. 1. SCOPE This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a. Single engine personal and/or liaison type b. Light twin engine c. Lar
7、ge multiengine propeller d. Large multiengine turbojet e. Military high performance fighter and attack f. Helicopter which are subject to the following CFR Parts certification: Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Aircrafts Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transpo
8、rt Category Aircrafts Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft Part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide certain basic considerations and design criteria for installation of LED landing, runway turnoff, an
9、d taxiing light systems for night operation. Criteria for recognition lights are also included. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 2 of 14 2. REFERENCES The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicab
10、le issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and reg
11、ulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. ARP6253 LEDs and Aircraft Applications ARP693 Landin
12、g and Taxiing lights Design Criteria for Installation J1330 Photometry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines 2.2 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 23, Airwort
13、hiness Standards: Normal, Utility, and Acrobatic Category Aircrafts. Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Aircrafts. Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 27, Normal Category Rotorcraft. Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 29, Transport Category Rotorcraft.
14、Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 121, Certification and Operations: “Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft.“ Federal Aviation Administration AC25-7A 9 Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Aircrafts 2.3 U. S. Government Publicat
15、ions Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-9495, https:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. MIL-L-6503 Military Specification, Lighting Equipment, Aircraft, General Requirements For 3. DEFINITION
16、S HALATION: Scattering of a light beam beyond its proper boundaries, causing a bright ring or halo surrounding an object or beam of light. GLARE: Light within the visual field that is brighter than the level to which the eyes are adapted, thus reducing visibility, reducing contrast, annoying, causin
17、g discomfort, or distracting the observer. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 3 of 14 4. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Color to be white. Flight test for certification shall include an assessment to determine adequate color discrimination for runway and taxiway signs as well as color contrasts between pa
18、vement and surrounding environment for orientation of aircraft on runways and taxiways. 4.2 The amount of ultraviolet light should be considered due to possible negative effects on materials and observers. 4.3 LEDs generally do not fail catastrophically, but experience gradual degradation in light o
19、utput over time. The rate of degradation is dependent upon many factors including, the LED component materials, drive current, operating environment and LED junction temperature. Due to the lack of a hard failure point, it is desirable to define the photometric end of life (EoL). EoL can be defined
20、as a percentage of initial output (70% for many applications), or the length of operational time until the light no longer meets defined minimum intensities. Because photometric margin and life can be impacted by adjusting package size, weight, power and cost, establishing specific values / requirem
21、ents for life is not appropriate as these requirements can be market / platform / installation specific. An appropriate EoL requirement does, however, need to be considered during the design / installation process in order to insure that the lights will meet their intended function for the duration
22、of their rated life. 4.4 Icing, humidity, and condensation should be considered in the design of the lighting system due to effects on system performance. Appropriate draining and/or venting are recommended. 4.5 Warm up and stabilization: For purposes of demonstrating compliance with this specificat
23、ion, all photometric and color measurements shall be made after a minimum warm up period (30 minutes for LED sources, 90 seconds for incandescent/tungsten halogen light sources), or after the light has reached thermal stabilization, whichever is longer. Stabilization shall be defined as the point in
24、 which light output does not change by more than 3% over a 15 minute period. 5. DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS Landing Light Classes (See Table 1) The performance levels found in table 1 may be used as guidelines in the design of LED landing lights. Recommended end of operating hours is 1000 hours minimum
25、. Power consumption and heat loading should be taken into account in design of wiring, circuit protection, and enclosure materials. 5.1 General Provisions 5.1.1 Landing lights are used primarily to provide ground reference information during final approach, touchdown, ground roll, and takeoff, and t
26、o illuminate any major obstructions in the aircraft approach glide path or on runway at night. 5.1.2 Landing lights may also be used for signaling purposes in flight. The landing lights may be turned “on“ when: a. Operating within 10 miles of any airport, day or night b. Operating in conditions of r
27、educed visibility, i.e., haze, dust, etc. c. Operating under special visual flight rules (VFR) conditions d. Operating where flocks of birds may be expected (coastal area, swamp lands, migratory areas, etc.) This requires that all or some landing lights are functional when gear and slats/flaps are r
28、etracted. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 4 of 14 TABLE 1 - LAMPS FOR LANDING SERVICE NOTE: The lamp classes listed below represent current industry usage typical for this type of installation with incandescent light sources. Lamp Class Volts Beam Maximum Candela on CenterlineMinimum Horizontal Nomi
29、nal Beam Spread to 10% of Center Beam Candela (deg) Minimum Vertical Nominal Beam Spread to 10% of Center Beam Candela (deg) Category See Section 1 1a 14 110 000 12 6 a 1b 28 110 000 12 6 a 2a 14 200 000 12 6 a,b 2b 28 200 000 12 6 a,b 3 28 300 000 12 6 b 4 28 400 000 13 13 b,e,f, 5 28 600 000 12 12
30、 c,d,f 6 28 800 000 12 6 c,d,f, 7 28 300 000 15 9 c,d Performance levels found to be acceptable in flight test may take the place of the recommendations found in Table1. Please note that lights do not always conform to their specification sheet performance levels. Performance will be affected if cov
31、er lenses are used. 5.1.3 Each landing light should be designed and be installed such that: a. No objectionable glare is visible to the pilot. b. The pilot is not adversely affected by halation. c. Reference CFR 23.1383(a), (b), (c), (d); 25.1383(a),(b),(c); 25.773(a); 27.1383(a),(b),(c); 29.1383(a)
32、,(b),(c). 5.1.4 Each landing light should provide sufficient illumination on the runway for night landing. As a design objective, 21.5 lux (2 ft-c) minimum at 122 M (400 ft) in front of the pilot at touchdown attitude and 5.4 lux (0.5 ft-c) minimum at 91 M (300 ft) in front of the pilot during groun
33、d roll should be provided for aircraft categories C and D. Lux (Ft-c) levels are measured normal to the light beam. It should be noted that normal approach attitude varies between particular aircrafts, depending upon speed, flap conditions, etc. In most cases, the landing attitude and taxiing attitu
34、de of the aircraft are not the same; however, the landing lights should accommodate adequate light coverage for final approach, touchdown, and ground roll illumination. So, for some aircrafts, it may be necessary to re-aim the landing lights, once the aircraft is on the ground. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP
35、6402A Page 5 of 14 5.1.5 Minimum recommended number of landing lights for night flying are listed in Table 2. TABLE 2 - RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF LANDING LIGHTS FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT Aircraft Categories Minimum Number of Landing Lights Single engine personal and/or liaison type 2 Light twin en
36、gine 2 Large multiengine propeller 3 Large multiengine turbojet 4 Military high performance fighter and attack 2 Helicopter: Retractable landing light 1 Searchlight (may be used as landing light) 1 NOTE: The recommended quantities listed in Table 2 refers to equipment installation only and should no
37、t be misinterpreted as quantities required for aircraft dispatch. 5.1.6 Possible locations of lights are recommended as follows: a. Typical locations of Landing Lights: 1. Nose landing gear strut 2. Each side of fuselage (ahead of wing) 3. Wing/body strake (wing root) 4. Flap track fairing 5. Lower
38、wing surface (retractable), fuselage lower surface or side (retractable), or wing leading edge 6. Nose 7. Helicopter skid assembly b. Typical locations of Runway Turnoff/Taxi Lights: 1. Nosewheel gear (steerable) 2. Nose landing gear strut 3. Wing/body strake (wing root) 4. Each side of fuselage (ah
39、ead of wing) SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 6 of 14 5.2 Aiming and Illuminated Areas It is recommended that adequate landing light aiming and illumination be provided to cover the following aircraft attitudes: a. Prior to touchdown, the pilot will start using the lights as he initiates the flare. T
40、he landing light shall be aimed somewhat ahead of the pilot vision limit, and along the glide slope (see Figure 1). b. Before the point of touchdown is reached, the aircraft is positioned in a nose up attitude and the centerline of the beam moves further down the runway relative to the pilots field
41、of vision. At touchdown, it is desirable to provide illumination of the runway centerline and possible obstructions as far as 122 M (400 ft) away from the pilot (see Figure 2). c. After touchdown, the nosewheel gradually drops to the ground and the aircraft assumes a ground roll attitude. At this po
42、int, it is desirable to provide illumination of the runway centerline at least 91 M (300 ft) away from the pilot (see Figure 3). d. Crosswind conditions should be considered in design of landing light installations. 5.3 Installation and Relamping It is recommended that the landing light fixture cont
43、ain provisions to orient the lamp to assure the correct horizontal and vertical beam pattern (see Table 1) if applicable. 5.4 Controls 5.4.1 Each landing light shall be controlled by a separate switch reference CFR 25.1383 (b) unless an equivalent level of safety has been demonstrated for a single s
44、witch installation. 5.4.2 One switch may be used for the lights of a multiple light installation at one location. 5.4.3 For retractable landing lights, it should be possible to turn the light on or off without altering the position of the light fixture by providing a separate switch controlling the
45、motor drive circuit. This switch may allow aiming control at any position between fully extended and fully retracted position by the pilot. 5.4.4 There shall be a means to indicate to the pilots when retractable landing lights are extended reference CFR 25.1383 (c) . 5.4.5 An automatic control switc
46、h should be provided to turn off the landing lights, which are installed in the wheel wells when the gears are retracted. 5.4.6 An automatic control switch may be provided to operate the externally mounted landing lights at dim mode when the landing gears are retracted due to high electricity consum
47、ption and possible heating of the lamp or other components of the aircraft. An indication shall be provided to the flight crew that this function is activated. 5.4.7 Consideration should be given to redundancy of lighting circuit and lamps to minimize the consequences of failures and improve dispatc
48、h reliability. 5.4.8 For rotary-wing aircraft the controllable searchlight should be so installed that when the light is fully stowed, the plane of the lamp mounting ring will be horizontal or the beam center should be directed straight down when the aircraft is in normal, level flight. The searchli
49、ght should be of a type that can be extended not less than 120 degrees from its fully stowed position. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 7 of 14 FIGURE 1 - LANDING LIGHT AT APPROACH ATTITUDE FIGURE 2 - LANDING LIGHT AT TOUCH DOWN ATTITUDE SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6402A Page 8 of 14 FIGURE 3 - LANDING LIGHT AT GROUND ROLL ATTITUDE 5.5 Runway Turnoff/Taxi Lights (See Table 3) 5.5.1 General Provisions 5.5.1
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