1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, stabilized or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publ
3、ication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (
4、outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP693DAEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEARP693 REV. D Issued 1961-06 Reaffirmed 2006-06 Re
5、vised 2012-03 Superseding ARP693C Landing and Taxiing Lights - Design Criteria for Installation RATIONALEMetric measurements, additional reference documents, and color requirements have been added. Measurement methods have been clarified and technical updates have been included to remove ambiguity.
6、FOREWORDThe recommendations set forth herein are the results of the combined efforts of engineers associated with the manufacture of lamps, equipment, and airframes, as well as engineers from the air transportation field and interested government agencies. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (AR
7、P) does not include recommendations for the use of any specific equipment.1. SCOPE This document includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a. Single engine personal and/or liaison type b. Light twin engine c. Larg
8、e multiengine propeller d. Large multiengine turbojet e. Military high performance fighter and attack f. Helicopter 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide certain basic considerations and design criteria for installation of landing and taxiing light systems for night operation. SAE A
9、RP693D Page 2 of 18 2. REFERENCES The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of c
10、onflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 C
11、ommonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS580 Pilot Visibility From the Flight Deck Design Objectives for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP6402 LED Landing, Taxiing, Runway and Recognition LightsJ1330 Photomet
12、ry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines 2.2 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov.14 CFR Part 23, Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, and Acrobatic Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 25, Airworth
13、iness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 27, Normal Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR Part 29, Transport Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR Part 121, Certification and Operations: “Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft“ Aeronautical Information Man
14、ual 4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights section c. Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular AC 25-7A Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes2.3 U. S. Government Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4D, 700 Robbins
15、 Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-9495, https:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/.MIL-L-6503 Military Specification, Lighting Equipment, Aircraft, General Requirements For 2.4 RTCA Publication Available from Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Inc., 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite
16、910, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org.Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) Document No. 160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment SAE ARP693D Page 3 of 18 2.5 Related Research Available from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and P
17、lant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Ohio Field Station, 6100 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, Ohio 44870 http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/Efficacy of Aircraft Landing Lights in Stimulating Avoidance Behavior in Birds B.F.Blackwell and G.E.Bern
18、hardt Avian Visual System Configuration and Behavioural Response to Object Approach B.F.Blackwell, E.Fernandez-Juricic, T.W.Seamans, and T.Dolan 3. DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Landing Lights (See Table 1) 3.1.1 General Provisions 3.1.1.1 Landing lights are used primarily to provide ground reference
19、 information during final approach, touchdown, ground roll, and takeoff, and to illuminate any major obstructions in the airplanes approach glide path or on the runway at night. 3.1.1.2 It may also be used for signaling purposes in flight. The landing lights may be turned “on“ when: a. Operating wit
20、hin 10 miles of any airport, day or night b. Operating in conditions of reduced visibility, i.e., haze, dust, etc. c. Operating under special visual flight rules (VFR) conditions d. Operating where flocks of birds may be expected (coastal area, swamp lands, migratory areas, etc.) This requires that
21、all or some of the landing lights have the ability to be activated when the Landing gear and slats/flaps are retracted. SAE ARP693D Page 4 of 18 TABLE 1 - LAMPS FOR LANDING SERVICE NOTE: The lamps listed below represent current industry standards for this type of installation. However, other lamps w
22、ith similar characteristics (electrical, environmental, dynamic and luminous intensity) may be used with comparable results. Lamp No. Watts Volts Bulb RatedAve.Lab.Life(hours)InitialBeam CP onCenterlineNominalBeamSpread to 10% of CenterBeam CP (deg)NominalBeamSpread to 10% of CenterBeam CP (deg)Cate
23、gorySeeSection 1 4509 100 13 PAR-36 25 110 000 12 6 a Q4509 100 13 PAR-36 100 140 000 3 3 a 4591 100 28 PAR-36 25 90 000 12 6 a 4537 100 13 PAR-46 25 200 000 11 6 a 4313 250 13 PAR-36 25 140 000 16 7 a,b 4522 250 13 PAR-46 25 290 000 12 10 a,b 4553 250 28 PAR-46 25 300 000 11 12 a 4552 250 28 PAR-46
24、 25 500 000 7 8 b 4581 450 28 PAR-46 10 400 000 13 14 b,e,f, 4559 600 28 PAR-64 25 600 000 11 12 c,d,f Q4559 600 28 PAR-64 100 600 000 12 8 c,d,f Q4559X 600 28 PAR-64 100 765 000 11 7-1/2 c,d,f, 4556 1000 28 PAR-64 25 700 000 12 13 c,d Q4681 450 28 PAR-46 50 310 000 15 9 c,d 4557 Land. 1000 28 PAR-6
25、4 25 540 000 11 15 c,d Taxi. 400 28 PAR-64 100 100 000 25 11 c,d 3.1.1.3 Each landing light should be designed and be installed such that: a. No objectionable glare is visible to the pilot. b. The pilot is not adversely affected by halation. c. Reference Parts 23.1383(a), (b), (c), (d); 25.1383(a),
26、(b), (c); 25.773(a); 27.1383(a), (b), (c); 29.1383(a), (b), (c).3.1.1.4 High Intensity Discharge (HID or Xenon) lights should be capable of hot re-strike in any ground or flight condition.SAE ARP693D Page 5 of 18 3.1.1.5 Each landing light should provide sufficient illumination of the runway for nig
27、ht landings. As a design objective, 21.5 lux (2 ft-c) minimum at 122 m (400 ft) in front of the pilot at touchdown attitude and 5.4 lux (0.5 ft-c) minimum at 91 m (300 ft) in front of the pilot during ground roll should be provided. Lux (ft-c) levels are measured normal to the light beam. It should
28、be noted that normal approach attitudes vary between particular airplanes, depending upon speed, flap conditions, etc. In most cases, the landing attitude and taxiing attitude of the airplane are not the same; however, the landing lights should accommodate adequate light coverage for final approach,
29、 touchdown, and ground roll illumination. So, for some airplanes, it may be necessary to re-aim the landing lights, once the aircraft is on the ground. 3.1.1.6 Minimum recommended number of landing lights required for night flying are listed in Table 2. TABLE 2 - RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF LANDINGLIGHTS
30、FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Airplane Categories Minimum Number of Landing Lights Single engine personal and/or liaison type 2 Light twin engine 2 Large multiengine propeller 3 Large multiengine turbojet 4 Military high performance fighter and attack 2 Helicopter:Retractable landing light 1 Sear
31、chlight (may be used as landing light) 1 NOTE: The recommended quantities listed in Table 2 refers to equipment installation only and should not be misinterpreted as quantities required for aircraft dispatch. 3.1.1.7 Color to be white. Flight tests for certification should include an assessment to d
32、etermine adequate color discrimination for runway and taxiway signs as well as color contrasts between the pavement and surrounding environment for the proper orientation of the aircraft on runways and taxiways.3.1.1.8 Possible locations of lights are recommended as follows: a. Typical Locations of
33、Landing Lights: 1. Nose landing gear strut 2. Each side of fuselage (ahead of wing) 3. Wing/body strake (wing root) 4. Flap track fairing 5. Lower wing surface (retractable), fuselage lower surface or side (retractable), or wing leading edge 6. Nose SAE ARP693D Page 6 of 18 b. Typical Locations of R
34、unway Turnoff/Taxi Lights: 1. Nose wheel gear (steerable) 2. Nose landing gear strut 3. Wing/body strake (wing root) 4. Each side of fuselage (ahead of wing) 3.1.2 Aiming and Illuminated Areas It is recommended that adequate landing light aiming and illumination be provided to cover the following ai
35、rplane attitudes:a. Prior to touchdown, the pilot will start using the lights as he initiates the flare. The landing light shall be aimed somewhatahead of the pilots vision limit, and along the glide slope (see Figure 1). b. Before the point of touchdown is reached, the airplane is positioned in a n
36、ose up attitude and the centerline of the beam moves further down the runway relative to the pilots field of vision. At touchdown, it is desirable to provide illumination ofthe runway centerline and possible obstructions as far as 122 m (400 ft) away from the pilot (see Figure 2). c. After touchdown
37、, the nose wheel gradually drops to the ground and the airplane assumes a ground roll attitude. At this point, it is desirable to provide illumination of the runway centerline at least 91 m (300 ft) away from the pilot (see Figure 3). d. Crosswind conditions should be considered in design of landing
38、 light installations. 3.1.3 Installation and Lamp Beam Adjustment It is recommended that the landing light fixture contain provisions to allow the lamp to be adjusted properly to insure that the correct horizontal and vertical beam pattern orientation can be achieved (see Table 1) if applicable. 3.1
39、.4 Controls 3.1.4.1 Each landing light should be controlled by a separate switch reference Part 25.1383 (b) “Except when one switch is used for the lights of a multiple light installation at one location, there must be a separate switch for each light.” unless an Equivalent Safety Finding has been a
40、pproved for a single switch installation. The most common reason for separate switching is to prevent propeller flicker. 3.1.4.2 One switch may be used for the lights of a multiple light installation if these lights are all installed at one location.3.1.4.3 For retractable landing lights, it should
41、be possible to turn the light on or off without altering the position of the light fixture by providing a separate switch for controlling the motor drive circuit. This switch may allow aiming control at any position between the fully extended and the fully retracted positions. 3.1.4.4 There shall be
42、 a means to indicate to the pilots when the retractable landing lights are extended reference Part 25.1383 (c). 3.1.4.5 An automatic control switch should be provided to turn off the landing lights, when they are installed in the wheel well and when the landing gear is retracted. 3.1.4.6 An automati
43、c control switch may be provided to operate the externally mounted landing lights at dim mode when the landing gears is retracted due to their high electricity consumption and to reduce the possible heating of other components on the aircraft by the lamp. An indication shall be provided to the fligh
44、t crew that this function is activated.SAE ARP693D Page 7 of 18 3.1.4.7 Consideration should be given to provide redundant lighting control circuits and lamps to minimize the consequences of failures and improve dispatch reliability. 3.1.4.8 For rotary wing aircraft the controllable searchlight shou
45、ld be so installed that when the light is fully stowed, the plane of the lamp mounting ring will be horizontal when the aircraft is in normal, level flight. The searchlight should be of a type that can be extended not less than 120 degrees from its fully stowed position. 3.2 Runway Turnoff/Taxi Ligh
46、ts (see Table 3) 3.2.1 General Provisions 3.2.1.1 Taxi lights are used to provide illumination when the aircraft is maneuvered on the ground at night. Runway turnoff lights are used to augment the taxi lights on large multiengine jet aircraft when taxiing. The landing lights are normally switched of
47、f to conserve the lamps and to avoid blinding oncoming traffic. 3.2.1.2 Sufficient intensity and beam spread should be provided to aid the pilot in locating the following: a. Taxiways (or painted centerline) b. Runway turnoff locations c. Obstructions which might contact any parts of the aircraft Th
48、e taxiing and runway turnoff lights should provide a minimum illumination on each side of the centerline of the aircraft to 3 m (10 ft) outboard from each wingtip. 3.2.1.3 As a design objective, 21.5 lux (2 ft-c) minimum at 15.25 m (50 ft) in front and 24.5 m (80 ft) outboard of the pilot should be
49、provided for the runway turnoff light, and 54 lux (5 ft-c) minimum at 30.5 m (100 ft) in front of the pilot should be provided for the taxiing light (see Figure 4). Lux (ft-c) levels are measured normal to the light beam. There should not be a non-illuminated gap visible between the taxi and turnoff light lit areas. 3.2.1.4 On small airplanes taxi lights may not be installed. If insta
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