SAE AS 5671-2014 Design and Performance Criteria Interior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category Airplanes.pdf

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5、rior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category Airplanes RATIONALE This SAE Aerospace Standard gives design specifications for onboard stairways. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport ca

6、tegory airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836. 1.2 The purpose of this AS is to

7、 assist airplane manufacturers in designing stairways on which users will be less likely to experience a misstep or fall during normal operations and on which movement during an emergency evacuation will be as efficient as is possible.2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications

8、 form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited h

9、erein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-732

10、3 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AIR512 Aircraft Cabin Illumination ARP836 Design and Safety Criteria for Passenger Boarding Stairways AIR5670 Issues in Stairway Design Aboard Transport Category Airplanes SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5671 Page 2 of 8 2.1.2 ASTM Publication

11、sAvailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM F1166 Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are

12、provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report. 2.2.1 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Lighting Handbook, New York: IESNA. (212) 248-5000. 2.2.2 International Building Code. International Code Council, 500 New Jersey Avenue

13、, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, (202) 370-1800. 2.2.3 Johnson, D. A. (1998, October). New Stairway . Old Problems. Ergonomics in Design. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 2.2.4 Johnson, D. A. (2005, Spring). Error in stair measurement. Ergonomics in Design. Santa Monica,

14、 CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Reprinted in By Design, 2005. Summer 5(1). Des Plaines, Illinois: American Society of Safety Engineers. 2.2.5 Johnson, D. A. (2006). An improved method for measuring stairways. International Ergonomics Association, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .2.2.6 Johnso

15、n, D. A. (2009) Improper construction results in dangerous stairs: Large top runs produce fall hazard. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 2.2.7 Johnson, D. A. and Pauls, J. (2010). Systemic stair

16、 step geometry defects, increased injuries, and public health plus regulatory responses. In Anderson, M. (Ed.) Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2.2.8 Johnson, D. A. (2012). Stair safety: Bottom of flight illusion. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Reh

17、abilitation, (41) Supplement 1/2012, 3358-3362. 2.2.9 Johnson, D. A. also, the single riser structure. TREAD: The horizontal or nearly horizontal surface of a step. TREAD DEPTH: See RUN. VOLUTE: A spiral scroll-like terminus of a handrail normally placed on a post at the top or bottom of a stairway.

18、 2.3.1 Mandating and Recommending Words SHALL: Indicates a mandatory criterion. SHOULD: Indicates a criterion for which an alternative, including noncompliance, may be applied if it is documented and justified. 3. BACKGROUND 3.1 For detailed background information see AIR5670. The following is a com

19、pilation of the most current building codes for land-based structures (see Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Lighting Handbook; International Building Code; and the Life Safety Code Handbook). Similar design features are recommended for marine vessels (see ASTM F1166) with the follo

20、wing exceptions: On marine vessels it is recommended that runs be 11 to 12 inches (279 to 305 mm) and riser heights be 6.5 to 7 inches (165 to 178 mm). 3.2 People distinguish an object or the confluence of two separate surfaces when there is adequate contrast, in color or brightness, between them. I

21、n low light level conditions, such as often occur aboard an aircraft, humans are less sensitive to contrasts in color. Thus, with regard to visibility of stairs, this document is concerned primarily with brightness contrast. One such problem with regard to brightness contrast is that people do not s

22、ee the light falling on, or illuminating, a walking surface. Instead, people see the light reflected from that surface. Thus, under the same level of illumination, light-colored stairway treads are easier to see than dark-colored treads because they reflect more light. A related problem is that, sin

23、ce accurate placement of the foot on the stair tread depends on the ability of the person to detect the nosing of the tread, stairusers must be able to distinguish the nosing from the rest of the tread surface and the background. Treads that have uniform reflectance, with nosings that are not highli

24、ghted, can result in a person being more prone to place a foot too far forward or too far back from the nosing, increasing the probability of a misstep and possible fall. In sum, the ability to visually detect a stair tread is paramount for people to walk safely up or down a stairway. SAE INTERNATIO

25、NAL AS5671 Page 5 of 8 It has been the general rule for lighting standards in the aviation industry to call out a minimum level of illumination withoutregard to how easily a person can see the walkway. Light illuminating stair treads is easily measured using an incident light photometer, which typic

26、ally displays the amount of incident light in foot-candles (ft-c) falling on the surface of the treads. The average minimum amount of white light falling on an aisle in an aircraft cabin under emergency conditions has been previously set at 0.05 ft-c, as measured along the passageway at 40-inch inte

27、rvals at seat arm level height, with an absolute minimum of 0.01 ft-c at any particular aisle location (ARP503F, 3.2.1.3). Stairs have previously been considered an aisle, which has resulted in illumination levels that fall short of what are needed to assure visibility and safety.4. DESIGN SPECIFICA

28、TIONS 4.1 Common nomenclature and required dimensions are provided in Figure 1. 4.2 Rise heights shall be 4 to 7 inches (102 to 178 mm). 4.3 Risers may be vertical or they may slope under the nosing at an angle not to exceed 30 degrees from vertical. If there is a nosing projection it shall not exce

29、ed 1.5 inches (38 mm). 4.4 Runs on straight stairs shall be a minimum of 11 inches (279 mm) and a maximum of 14 inches (356 mm). FIGURE 1 - NOMENCLATURE AND STEP DIMENSIONS 4.5 Runs on spiral stairs shall be a minimum of 11 inches (279 mm) and not more than 14 inches (356 mm) at a point not more tha

30、n 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrowest edge as depicted in Figure 2. 4.6 The maximum degree of curvature of a spiral stairway is depicted in Figure 2. Dimension 2R shall be at least twice the dimension, R. FIGURE 2 - SPIRAL STAIRWAY AND DIMENSIONS SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5671 Page 6 of 8 4.7 The larges

31、t riser (or largest run) within a flight shall not exceed the smallest riser (or smallest run) by more than 0.38 inches (9.5 mm). Variations between adjacent risers or between adjacent runs shall not exceed 0.19 inches (4.8 mm). 4.8 Stairways expected to be used for boarding or emergency evacuation

32、shall have a minimum width between sidewalls of 49 inches (1.245 m). 4.9 Stairs should terminate at a cross aisle leading to a floor level exit on a deck used for evacuation. The other end of the stairs should terminate at a cross aisle or landing. 4.10 Nosings shall be emphasized under both normal

33、and emergency lighting conditions. It is recommended that under emergency lighting conditions a minimum of 1 ft-c of illumination be provided on the center of each nosing. 4.11 On each tread a maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded (maximum illumination at

34、any point / minimum illumination at any point d 40) in order to prevent non-uniform bright and dark spots. 4.12 Nosing emphasis shall be attained by having an absolute contrast differential reflectance, as measured by a spot photometer, of at least 30% in photometric brightness between the nosing an

35、d the remainder of the tread within 4 inches (1.02 mm) of the nosing. This can be determined using the formula: 100LdLb/LdLbCPercent (Eq. 1)where: Percent C = the percent luminance contrast between the nosing and the remainder of the tread Lb = the photometric brightness, or luminance, of the bright

36、est section of the tread Ld = the photometric brightness, or luminance, of the darkest section of the tread The nosing may be either darker or lighter than the remainder of the tread. 4.13 Reflected luminance shall be measured from two areas on each tread. One measurement shall be within 2 inches (5

37、1 mm) of the nosing and the other shall be within 2 to 4 inches (51 to 102 mm) from the nosing. Measurements shall be taken on the tread midway between the sidewalls or handrails. 4.14 The clear space above each nosing shall be a minimum of 80 inches (2.032 m) measured vertically from a line connect

38、ing the edge of the stairway nosings. Such headroom shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stairway. 4.15 Landing width shall be equal to

39、 the width of the stairway, or greater, and landing length shall be at least 36 inches (914 mm). See Figure 3. 4.16 Landings shall have a slope in any direction of travel less than 1:48 (1.2 degrees) relative to the slope of the nearest tread or level walking surface; i.e., treads shall be parallel

40、to the landing. 4.17 The diameter of a circular handrail shall be 1.25 to 2 inches (32 to 51 mm). If non-circular, the perimeter dimension shall be 4 to 6.25 inches (102 to 159 mm). The largest cross-sectional dimension of a non-circular handrail shall not be more than 2.25 inches (57 mm).SAE INTERN

41、ATIONAL AS5671 Page 7 of 8 FIGURE 3 - STRAIGHT STAIRWAY AND DIMENSIONS 4.18 There shall be handrails on both sides of the stairway. There should be at least one intermediate handrail if the distance between side handrails is greater than 60 inches (1.524 m). 4.19 The handrail shall not have sharp ed

42、ges or obstructions that could preclude a person from exerting a maximum gripping force in case of a misstep. The graspable edges shall be rounded so as to provide a radius of not less than 0.25 inch (6.4 mm). Figure 4 depicts examples of optimal and unacceptable shapes and dimensions. 4.20 The heig

43、ht of a handrail above and along the stair flight shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) as measured vertically from the top of the handrail to a line connecting the edges of the stairway nosings. 4.21 Stairways shall not have an open side so as to prevent a person from falling over or underneath

44、the handrail should a misstep occur. 4.22 Balusters, if used, shall be placed such that a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter cannot pass between adjacent balusters. Balusters shall be installed vertically to inhibit climbing. 4.23 Handrails shall have a clearance from any sidewall or support struc

45、ture of at least 2.25 inches (57 mm). Handrails may project into the clear width of a stairway no more than 3.5 inches (89 mm) at the minimum stair width.4.24 The handrail shall be able to withstand without failure or permanent deformation a single concentrated load of 200 pounds (0.89 kN) applied i

46、n any direction at any point along the top, and have attachment devices and supporting structure to transfer this loading to appropriate structural elements of the airplane. Handrails shall be able to withstand, without failure or permanent deformation, a load of 50 pounds per linear foot (0.23 kN/m

47、) applied in any direction at the top and to transfer this load through the supports to the airplane structure. This load need not be assumed to act at the same time as the single concentrated load of 200 pounds (0.89 kN). 4.25 Handrails shall extend longitudinally, at the required height, for the f

48、ull length of the stairway. 4.26 Handrail ends shall be returned to the wall or floor, or terminate at newel posts. Curvature of each end shall have a minimum radius of 4 inches (102 mm). A volute shall be provided at the top of the stairs for use by those who need a handrail prior to stepping down

49、onto the first tread.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5671 Page 8 of 8 FIGURE 4 - ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE HANDRAIL DESIGNSOther shapes may be used so long as the overall dimensions do not exceed those found in 4.17. 5. NOTES 5.1 A change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions,not editorial changes, have been made to the previous