SAE J 406-2009 Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels《钢的淬硬性测定方法》.pdf

1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there

2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2009 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m

3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)

4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARD J406 MAR2009 Issued 1942-01 Revised 2009-03 Superseding J406 MAY1998 Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels RATIONALE The example in Table A3 is incomplete and incorrect in that some

5、math symbols and factors are missing. The change is editorial in nature and makes the equation correct and complete. 1. SCOPE This SAE Standard prescribes the procedure for making hardenability tests and recording results on shallow and medium hardening steels, but not deep hardening steels that wil

6、l normally air harden. Included are procedures using the 25 mm (1 in) standard hardenability end-quench specimen for both medium and shallow hardening steels and subsize method for bars less than 32 mm (1-1/4 in) in diameter. Methods for determining case hardenability of carburized steels are given

7、in SAE J1975. Any hardenability test made under other conditions than those given in this document will not be deemed standard and will be subject to agreement between supplier and user. Whenever check tests are made, all laboratories concerned must arrange to use the same alternate procedure with r

8、eference to test specimen and method of grinding for hardness testing. For routine testing of the hardenability of successive heats of steel required to have hardenability within certain limits, it is sufficient to designate hardenability simply in terms of distance from the quenched end to the poin

9、t at which a certain hardness is obtained. This designation may also be adequate for comparing steels of different compositions to see whether they have similar hardenability. Hardenability limits for specifying steel in this manner are obtained by measuring the hardenability of a steel which has pr

10、oved satisfactory for the use intended. The hardenability test may be used in this way as an empirical test. For new components where manufacturing experience is lacking, hardenability data may be effectively used to estimate the hardness profile provided by any given steel. Attendantly, the ability

11、 to predict hardenability from chemical composition has become increasingly important when comparing various steel grades or developing new steels for specific applications. One such procedure is described in Appendix A. Other hardenability prediction methods are available from the selected referenc

12、es in Section 2. However, it should be emphasized that the use of any hardenability prediction procedure does not preclude the importance of conducting Jominy end-quench tests to determine the actual hardenability of any specific grade of steel. SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 2 of 47 Hardenability da

13、ta may be used to estimate hardnesses obtainable with any steel in new machine parts not yet in production and not similar to any parts on which production experience is available. Various hardenability application methods are described in the selected references, Section 2.1, 23 to 25. It appears n

14、one of these methods are precise, but these are often useful for estimation purposes. Final correlation on actual parts is necessary. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated the l

15、atest revision of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. 1. SAE J417 Hardness Test and Hardness Number Conversion 2

16、. SAE EA 406 Hardenability Prediction Calculator 3. W. E. Jominy and A. L. Boegehold, “A Hardenability Test for Carburizing Steel,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 26 (1938, No. 2, pp 574599) 4. J. L. Burns, T. L. Moore, and R. S. Archer, “Quantitative Hardenability,“ ASM Transactions, Vol 26 (1938), No. 1,

17、pp 133 5. W. E. Jominy, “A Hardenability Test for Shallow Hardening Steels,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 27 (1939) pp 10721085 6. Symposium on Hardenability of Alloy Steels, ASM 1939 7. M. Asimow and M. A. Grossmann, “Hardening Characteristics of Various Shapes,“ AMS Transactions, Vol. 28 (1940) pp 94997

18、7 8. “Standardization Sought in Determining the Hardenability of Steels“ (A symposium), SAE Journal, Vol. 49, No. 1 (July 1941) pp 266293 9. A. E. Focke, “Hardenability of Steel,“ Iron Age, Aug. 20, 1942 pp 3740: Aug. 27, 1942, pp. 4351; Sept. 3, 1942, pp 5659 10. Morse Hill “The End-Quench Test: Re

19、producibility,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 31 (1943), P 923 ff. 11. Symposium on the Hardenability of Steel, Special Report No. 36, British Iron and Steel Institute, 1946 12. G. K. Manning, “End Quench Hardenability Versus Hardness of Quenched Rounds,“ Metal Progress, Vol. 50, No. 4 (October 1946) pp 67

20、4-650 13. E. W. Wienman, R. F. Thomson, and A. L. Boegehold, “Correlation of End Quenched Test Bars and Rounds in Terms of Hardness and Cooling Characteristics,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 44 (1952) pp 802834 14. G. K. Manning, “Comparison of Tests of Hardenability of Shallow Hardening Steels,“ SAE Jour

21、nal, Vol. 61, July 1953, pp 3036 15. D. J. Carney, “Another Look at Quenchants, Cooling Rates and Hardenability,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 46 (1954), pp 882925 SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 3 of 47 16. John Birtalan, R. G. Henley, Jr., and A. L. Christenson, “Thermal Reproducibility of the End-Quench

22、Test,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 46 (1954), P 928 ff 17. M. A. Grossman and R. L. Stephenson, “The Effect of Grain Size on Hardenability,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 29 (1941), pp 119 18. M. A. Grossmann, “Hardenability Calculated from Chemical Compositions,“ AIME Transactions, Vol. 150 (1942) pp 227259 19

23、. I. R. Kramer, S. Siegel, and J. Brooks, “Factors for the Calculation of Hardenability,“ ASM Transactions, Vol. 163 (1946), p 670 ff 20. C. F. Jatczak and D. J. Girardi, “Multiplying Factors for the Calculation of Hardenability of Hypereutectoid Steels Hardened from 1700 F,“ ASM Transactions Vol. 5

24、1 (1960) p 335 ff 21. E. Just, “New Formulas for Calculating Hardenability Curves,“ Metal Progress, November 1969, pp 8788 22. C. F. Jatczak, “Determining Hardenability from Composition,“ Metal Progress, Vol. 100, No. 3 (September 1971), p 60 23. D. H. Breen, G. H. Walter, C. J. Keith, and J. T. Spo

25、nzilli, “Computer-Based System Selects Optimum Cost Steels,“ Metal Progress, I: Dec. 1972, p. 42; II: Feb. 1973, p. 76; III: April 1973, p. 105; IV: June 1973, p. 83; V: Nov. 1973, p. 43 24. C. S. Siebert, D. V. Doane, and D. H. Breen, “The Hardenability of Steels,“ American Society for Metals, Meta

26、ls Park, OH 1977, p 64 ff 25. D. V. Doane, J. S. Kirkaldy, “Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel,“ The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA 1978 26. C. T. Kunze and G. Keil,“ A New Look at Boron Effectiveness in Heat Treated Steels,“ Symposium on Boron Steels, TMS-AIME, Milwauk

27、ee, WI Sept. 18, 1979 27. W. Hewitt, “Hardenability - Its Prediction form Chemical Compositions,“ Heat Treatment of Metals, Vol. 8, 1981, pp 3338 28. Deb. M. C. Chaturvedi and A. K. Jena, “Analytical Representation of Hardenability Data for Steels,“ Metals Technology, 1982, Vol 9, p 76 29. J. M. Tar

28、taglia and G. T. Eldis, “Core Hardenability Calculations for Carburizing Steels,“ Met. Trans., Vol. 15A, No. 6, June 1984, pp. 11731183 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this document. 2.2.1 ASTM Publications

29、 Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM A 255 End-quench Test for Hardenability of Steel SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 4 of 47 2.2.2 Other Publications DIN 50191 Hardenability Testing of Steel b

30、y End Quenching JIS G 0561 Method of Hardenability Testing (End-Quenching Method) 3. HARDENABILITY TEST FOR MEDIUM HARDENING STEELS 3.1 Introduction This method covers the procedure for determining the hardenability of steel by the end-quench test for both the 25 mm (1 in) standard specimen and the

31、subsize test specimen. Also included are charts for plotting hardenability test results and for predicting hardness U curves in various sizes of rounds. Please note that in this revision the metric dimensions are shown to the nearest whole millimeter. Tolerances, where not indicated, are assumed to

32、be 0.5 mm or 1/32 in (0.03 in). 3.2 Test Specimen The test specimen is a 25 mm (1 in) diameter cylinder 102 mm (4 in) long with means for hanging it in a vertical position for end-quenching. Figure 1 shows a test specimen in the fixture ready for quenching illustrating the preferred form of specimen

33、. Figure 2 gives the details of the preferred test specimen. Figure 3 is an example of an optional specimen which provides the same diameter and approximately the same length and which will provide satisfactory heat transfer characteristics. The bar from which the specimen is machined shall be a for

34、ged or rolled 29 to 32 mm (1-1/8 to 1-1/4 in) round representing the full cross section of the product (or rolled 26 mm, 1-1/16 in, round if optional test specimen, Figure 3, is used). A cast specimen may be used in lieu of a rolled or forged specimen, except in the case of boron-treated steel; expe

35、rience has shown that cast specimens of boron-treated steels give erratic results. The option of using as-cast specimens for non-boron steels, deletion of normalizing prior to heating for end-quenching or modification of other testing details shall be negotiated between supplier and user. It is of p

36、rimary importance that the specimen represent the full cross section of the ingot, cast bloom or cast billet since test specimens from a portion of the bloom, billet, or bar may introduce factors tending to affect the reproducibility of test results. The condition of this hot formed bar shall be suc

37、h that there is no decarburization on the 25 mm (1 in) specimen machined from it. If any test specimen shows obvious defects or flaws, the specimen should be discarded and a new specimen obtained. SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 5 of 47 FIGURE 1 - HARDENABILITY TEST SPECIMEN IN FIXTURE FOR WATER QUENC

38、HING FIGURE 2 - PREFERRED TEST SPECIMEN SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 6 of 47 FIGURE 3 - OPTIONAL TEST SPECIMEN 3.3 Optional Specimen Preparation The following method is satisfactory for most purposes, but for check testing against specifications, the method in the preceding paragraph is mandatory.

39、The test specimen shall be machined from the center of the bar in the case of sections from 32 to 51 mm (1-1/4 to 2 in) round or square. In sections over 51 mm (2 in), the test specimen shall be machined from one-half of the section with the axis of the specimen located at a point halfway between th

40、e center and surface of the bar and marked to identify the position of the test bar with reference to the original bar. The hardness readings shall be made on the two sides of the test specimen corresponding to a position in the bar approximately halfway between the center and the surface. 3.4 Norma

41、lizing Prior to Heating for End-Quenching The forged or rolled round shall be normalized prior to machining the test specimen. This is of importance since the structure of material before the final austenitizing treatment may materially affect the hardening characteristics. In order that variations

42、in prior structure may be controlled as much as possible, the normalizing temperature listed in Table 1 should be used. The steel shall be held at such temperature for 1 h and cooled to ambient in still air. If the normalized specimen is too hard, it may be given a short time temper at about 55 C (1

43、00 F) below the Ac1to improve machinability. Cast specimens usually are not normalized before machining. The record of hardenability test results must always state the prior thermal history of the specimen tested. TABLE 1 - NORMALIZING AND QUENCHING TEMPERATURES(1)(2)APPLICABLE TO STEEL ORDERED TO E

44、ND-QUENCH HARDENABILITY REQUIREMENTS Maximum Ordered Carbon Content, % Normalizing Temperature C Normalizing Temperature F Austenitizing Temperature C Austenitizing Temperature F Steel Series 1000, 1300, 1500, 4000, 4100, 4300, 4600, 4700, 5000, 5100, 6100(3), 8100, 8600, 8700, 8800, 9400 Up to 0.25

45、 incl 925 1700 925 1700 0.26 to 0.36 incl 900 1650 870 1600 0.37 and over(3)870 1600 845 1550 Steel Series 4800, 9300 Up to 0.25 incl 925 1700 845 1550 Steel Series 9200 0.50 and over 900 1650 870 1600 1. A variation of 5 C (10 F) from the above temperature is permissible. 2. When testing H steels,

46、the normalizing and austenitizing should be the same as for the equivalent standard steels. EXAMPLES: For 8622 H, the normalizing and austenitizing temperature should be the same as for SAE 8622; for 4032 H (carbon 0.30/0.37), the temperature should be the same as for SAE 4032 (carbon 0.30/0.35). 3.

47、 Normalizing and austenitizing temperatures shall be 30 C (50 F) higher for the 6100 series.SAE J406 Revised MAR2009 Page 7 of 47 3.5 Heating for End-Quenching The specimen shall be heated to the austenitizing temperature shown in Table 1. The specimen shall be placed in a furnace which is at the sp

48、ecified temperature and shall be held at this temperature for 30 to 35 min. It is necessary to determine by means of a thermocouple the time required for a test specimen to come to the required temperature. While heating the test specimen it is important to insure that practically no scaling or deca

49、rburization takes place on the end to be quenched. This may be achieved through the use of protective furnace atmospheres or by placing the specimen in a container which maintains a non-oxidizing atmosphere, e.g., by placing fine graphite powder or cast iron chips in the base of the container. Figure 4 illustrates a type of container which has been used with success. However, any similar type will be satis