1、 SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2836/3_201301 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J2836/3 JAN2013 Issued 2013-01
5、Use Cases for Plug-in Vehicle Communication as a Distributed Energy Resource RATIONALE This document will use both SAE J2836/1 (charging the PEV using existing and optimized Utility programs) and SAE J2836/2 (DC charging) as a basis and then add the additional information for the Plug-In Electric Ve
6、hicles (PEV) to function as a Distributed Energy Resource (DER). It is expected that including DER functions to a PEV provides a more complete solution to Smart Charging that includes Reverse Power Flow and other opportunities to stabilize the local grid distribution network and its transformers. Th
7、is is the first version of this document and completes step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 is to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort will continue to step 2 that allows public review for additional com
8、ments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 1.1 Purpose . 4 2. REFERENCES 6 2.1 Applicable Docum
9、ents 6 2.2 Related Publications . 6 3. DEFINITIONS . 9 4. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 13 4.1 Relationship of SAE J2836/3TMto SAE J2836/1TM. 14 4.2 Types of Reverse Power Flow 16 4.3 Communications for Reverse Power Flow 30 4.4 Inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources 42 4.5 Use Cases and V2G Applicati
10、ons . 48 4.6 Considerations for Utility Use Case U6 - Basic Distributed Energy Resource . 58 4.7 Considerations for Use Case U7 - Advanced Distributed Energy Resource 72 4.8 Considerations for Use Case PEV4 - PEV as a Distributed Energy Resource 85 5. NOTES 97 5.1 Marginal Indicia . 97 Copyright SAE
11、 International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2836/3 Issued JAN2013 Page 2 of 130 APPENDIX A USE CASE PEV4 98 APPENDIX B USE CASE PR2 107 APPENDIX C USE CASE U6 119 APPENDIX D USE CASE U7 121 APPENDIX E IN
12、FORMATION DEFINITIONS . 126 APPENDIX F ACRONYMS . 129 FIGURE 1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT . 5 FIGURE 2 SUMMARY OF DETAILED USE CASES . 15 FIGURE 3 EXPORTABLE POWER PANEL FOR V2L. 19 FIGURE 4 V2H AND V2G WITH ON-BOARD INVERTER 21 FIGURE 5 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR DC LEVEL 1 V2G 23 FIGURE 6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTUR
13、E FOR DC LEVEL 2 V2G 24 FIGURE 7 V2H AND V2H-X REVERSE POWER FLOW. 25 FIGURE 8 DC MICROGRID . 28 FIGURE 9 INTERFACES WITH INVERTER OF A DER DEVICE . 30 FIGURE 10 KEY PARAMETERS FOR MANUAL CONTROL 33 FIGURE 11 OPTIONS FOR MANUALLY CONTROLLING START UP . 33 FIGURE 12 OPTIONS FOR MANUALLY CONTROLLING T
14、ERMINATION 34 FIGURE 13 RELATIONSHIP OF THE UTILITY, PREMISES, AND PEV 34 FIGURE 14 COMMUNICATION WITH EVSE INVERTER . 36 FIGURE 15 COMMUNICATION WITH PEV INVERTER . 37 FIGURE 16 EXTERNAL INVERTER DETAILS 38 FIGURE 17 TYPICAL FAST CHARGING PROFILE. . 39 FIGURE 18 EXAMPLE OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE 41 F
15、IGURE 19 IEEE 1547 LIMITS 43 FIGURE 20 USE CASES AND V2G APPLICATIONS . 48 FIGURE 21 ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE OPERATIONAL BANDWIDTH 51 FIGURE 22 POWER AND BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS . 58 FIGURE 23 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE INV4 POWER SETTING COMMAND 60 FIGURE 24 EXAMPLE OF INV4 COMMAND SEQUENCING . 61 FIGURE 2
16、5 PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE PEV CHARGING REQUIREMENTS 63 FIGURE 26 RELATIONSHIP OF CHARGING PARAMETERS . 64 FIGURE 27 FORWARD POWER FLOW MEASURES 65 FIGURE 28 REVERSE POWER FLOW MEASURES 66 FIGURE 29 EFFECT OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE 72 FIGURE 30 COMPONENTS OF COMPLEX POWER VECTOR . 73 FIGURE 31 MIN
17、IMUM POWER FACTOR . 76 FIGURE 32 VAR AND POWER FACTOR ZONES 77 FIGURE 33 VOLTAGE REFERENCE OFFSET . 78 FIGURE 34 STRUCTURE OF AN AUTONOMOUS FUNCTION . 81 FIGURE 35 ARRAY FUNCTIONS 81 FIGURE 36 LVRT AND HVRT CONCEPT . 82 FIGURE 37 EXAMPLE OF LVRT IMPLEMENTATION 83 FIGURE 38 BUSINESS DEALS ASSOCIATED
18、WITH V2G APPLICATIONS . 87 FIGURE 39 PEV4 DER PROCESS CHART 89 FIGURE 40 ELEMENTS OF ACTIVE SESSION 91 FIGURE 41 THREE TIERS OF V2G APPLICATIONS . 95 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-S
19、AE J2836/3 Issued JAN2013 Page 3 of 130 TABLE 1 INVERTER CHARACTERISTICS . 17 TABLE 2 REVERSE POWER FLOW OUPUT . 18 TABLE 3 SCENARIOS FOR USE CASE PR2 . 29 TABLE 4 UTILITY USE CASES . 50 TABLE 5 EXAMPLES OF OPERATIONAL BANDWIDTH . 51 TABLE 6 EXAMPLES OF V2G APPLICATIONS . 53 TABLE 7 RECOMMENDED PEV
20、INFORMATION FOR U6 . 68 TABLE 8 ACTIVE POWER SETPOINT COMMAND PARAMETERS . 69 TABLE 9 LEVELS OF ENGAGEMENT 70 TABLE 10 POWER FACTOR SIGN CONVENTIONS . 75 TABLE 11 RECOMMENDED PEV INFORMATION FOR FIXED POWER FACTOR 79 TABLE 12 FIXED POWER FACTOR SETPOINT COMMAND PARAMETERS 79 TABLE 13 RECOMMENDED PEV
21、 INFORMATION FOR FIXED VAR FUNCTION 80 TABLE 14 FIXED VAR COMMAND PARAMETERS . 80 TABLE 15 CHARACTERISTICS OF PEV4 SCENARIOS . 95 TABLE A.1 OVERVIEW OF PEV4 SCENARIOS 98 TABLE A.2 PEV DIRECT SCENARIO . 99 TABLE A.3 EVSE DIRECT SCENARIO 101 TABLE A.4 PEV EVSE DIRECT SCENARIO 103 TABLE A.5 PEV EVSE RE
22、LAY SCENARIO 105 TABLE B.1 OVERVIEW OF PR2 SCENARIOS 107 TABLE B.2 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-DER-AC 108 TABLE B.3 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-DER-DC 109 TABLE B.4 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-DER-WL . 110 TABLE B.5 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-MAN-AC . 111 TABLE B.6 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-MAN-DC . 112 TABLE B.7 SCENARIO PR2-V2G-MAN-WL . 113 TABLE B
23、8 SCENARIO PR2-V2H-MAN-AC-NEMA 114 TABLE B.9 SCENARIO PR2-V2H-MAN-DC . 116 TABLE B.10 SCENARIO PR2-V2L-MAN-AC-NEMA . 117 TABLE B.11 SCENARIO PR2-V2L-MAN-DC 118 TABLE C.1 USE CASE U6 EXAMPLE 120 TABLE D.1 FIXED POWER FACTOR EXAMPLE . 122 TABLE D.2 FIXED VAR EXAMPLE . 123 TABLE D.3 LOAD AUTONOMOUS FU
24、NCTION EXAMPLE . 124 TABLE D.4 ACTIVE AUTONOMOUS FUNCTION EXAMPLE 125 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2836/3 Issued JAN2013 Page 4 of 130 1. SCOPE This SAE Information Report est
25、ablishes use cases for a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communicating with an Energy Management System (EMS) as a Distributed Energy Resource (DER). The primary purpose of SAE J2836/3 is to define use cases which must be supported by SAE J2847/3. This document also provides guidance for updates to S
26、AE J2847/2 to allow an inverter in an EVSE to use the PEV battery when operating together as a distributed energy resource (DER). 1.1 Purpose The title of this document suggests that its primary purpose is to present use cases for communication with a PEV as a DER. This is true, but this document wi
27、ll also provide a broader view of the issues associated with reverse power flow and how a PEV as a DER can serve the bulk grid, the distribution system, and a customer premises. Distributed Energy Resources are small, modular Distributed Generation (DG) or energy storage systems that provide electri
28、c capacity or energy where it is needed on the distribution grid. A PEV using a “utility-interactive inverter” can be hooked up in parallel with the primary grid power and it is considered to be a Distributed Energy Resource (DER). The use of a PEV as a DER will be called Vehicle to Grid (V2G). The
29、term is often associated with the concept of an aggregator coordinating the power flow of many PEVs to provide frequency regulation for the bulk grid. However, V2G is not just about the bulk grid. The V2G and DER functionality can also be used by a facility energy management system to offset other f
30、acility loads during periods of peak demand. These are only two of many possible V2G applications. Even if a PEV is not capable of reverse power flow, it can still be used as a DER device to allow for active control of charging for grid purposes. The use of a variable load for grid purposes is somet
31、imes called Demand Dispatch or Demand Management. This can be considered to be a single-sided use of a DER device and is no different than a generator that can only vary power output. A PEV could also serve as a power source for tools or other devices, where grid power is not available, or provide e
32、mergency backup power for a home following a loss of grid power. These are all off-grid applications. This is all about pure reverse power flow and it can be engaged manually using controls and displays provided by the vehicle manufacturer. For these applications the vehicle is just like a portable
33、standby generator. In all of the discussion of the benefits of reverse power flow and the use of a PEV as a DER, it is important to always remember that the primary purpose of the energy stored in the vehicle battery is transportation. While it may acceptable for a stationary grid storage unit to di
34、scharge all afternoon and recharge at night, a PEV participating in a V2G application may need to be fully charged by the end of the workday. The use cases for a PEV serving as a DER will need to account for two objectives: serving the grid in a V2G application and also having enough energy by the t
35、ime of departure to meet its transportation needs. Figure 1 provides an overview of the purpose of the document. A stationary, grid-connected, energy storage system (ESS) is shown at the top of the diagram. It is considered to be a distributed energy resource (DER). There is a great deal of work goi
36、ng on to integrate ESS units into the grid. A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) with an on-board inverter looks like the stationary ESS and can be considered to be a DER device. This system is shown in the middle of the diagram. The possible use of reverse-flow capable PEVs, as inverter-based ESS units
37、 has generated significant interest. This potential use of PEVs has become known as vehicle to grid (V2G). Alternatively, the inverter could be located externally in the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) in which case the PEV battery is only used to supply or absorb DC power as required by t
38、he inverter. This system concept is shown at the bottom of the figure. It is often assumed that the premises network will use the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2) for communication and the PEV will be able to use this protocol for communication directly through the EVSE to the Energy Services Interfa
39、ce (ESI). The ESI can be thought of as the gateway between the premises network and the outside systems. This SEP2 assumption may not be true for many premises networks, in which case the EVSE will need to translate messages from the protocol used by the local network into SEP2 used by the PEV. SAE
40、J2847/3 will define the communications between the EVSE and the PEV for those cases where the inverter is on-board the PEV. It is expected that the EVSE to PEV communications would be by power line carrier (PLC) on the control pilot. If the premises network uses SEP2 and the EVSE is not needed to pe
41、rform protocol translation for the PEV, it may be possible for the PEV to use a wireless link directly to the network. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2836/3 Issued JAN2013 Page
42、5 of 130 FIGURE 1 - PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT When the inverter is located in the EVSE it will need to directly interact using the network protocol. This could be SEP2 but in many sites it could be a different protocol. The use cases in this document and J2847/3 could help with the design of the EVSE comm
43、unications, but there are other documents such as IEC TR 61850-90-7 that could be directly used by the EVSE manufacturer. An external inverter will need to interact with the battery management system (BMS) of the PEV. This will be similar to the communications used for fast charging as defined by J2
44、847/2, but the focus will be very different and changes will be required for DER use. For fast charging, the PEV BMS manages the charging current using the data link. For DER use, the inverter will draw from the battery or push into the battery whatever current is needed to perform its DER function.
45、 In this case the BMS defines limits for the inverter, but does not manage the inverter power conversion. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J2836/3 Issued JAN2013 Page 6 of 130 2. R
46、EFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, P
47、A 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. J2836/1 Use Cases for Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility Grid 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required
48、part of this SAE Technical Report. 2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J1715 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) this capability is called Vehicle to Load (V2L). A Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) can also use pure reverse power flow to provide a “jump start” to another PEV; this capability is called Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V). Vehicle to Home (V2H) describes the capability of a PEV to act as a backup “generator” for selected critical loa
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