1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2965_201306 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J2965 JUN2013 Issued 2013-06 Gl
5、ossary of Terms in Use in Green Innovation and Sustainable Practices in the Automotive Industry RATIONALE This document has been developed as an initial effort to provide terms and definitions of interest to the automotive industry for the Green Technology Steering Committee and other interested com
6、mittees at SAE International. There is no existing document that references terms and definitions for green technology and sustainability in the automotive industry. FOREWORD This document is an ongoing effort to provide the technical community with terminology used most frequently in the automotive
7、 industry for technology and practices that can be considered green and sustainable. Since some of the terminology may have broad application, in the case of more than one definition, all will be included if they are applicable to the auto sector and/or geographically specific in regulatory or legal
8、 terms. Concepts described in this document are evolving as green and sustainable practices develop and mature. In some cases, concepts can be conflicting or data gathering and analysis may not be complete or provide a total picture of a process or product. It anticipated that this Glossary will be
9、ever-green and address such issues as practices become universal and standardized. 1. SCOPE 1.1 PURPOSE Develop terminology and definitions specifically for the automotive industry that defines greener and more sustainable materials and practices. The document will provide information and context fo
10、r how and where the terms are used in the auto sector. In some cases, there may be more than one definition provided as some terms have different meanings in different countries. 1.2 FIELD OF APPLICATION This SAE Information Report pertains to the broad area of sustainable technologies and practices
11、 of particular interest to the automotive industry, and also includes the concepts of green chemistry and engineering. 1.3 PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION Information Report 1.4 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The SAE Information Report contains commonly used terms in sustainability and green technology relevant to the
12、automotive industry SAE J2965 Issued JUN2013 Page 2 of 23 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable references, citations, and publications The following references, citations, and publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest versions shall
13、 apply. 2.1.1 US Federal and State Government 2.1.1.1 California Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1001 I St., P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812, Tel. 916-322-2990, http:/www.arb.ca.gov, http:/www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/levprog.htm, http:/driveclean.ca.gov 2.1.1.1
14、.1 California 2015 and Subsequent Model Criteria Pollutant Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures and 2017 and Subsequent Model Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for Passenger Cars, Light Duty Trucks, and Medium Duty Vehicles,“ as of December 31, 2012 (last amende
15、d December 6, 2012) incorporated by reference in Section 1961.2(d), Title 13, CCR 2.1.1.2 Consumer Product Consumer Product Safety Commission: Federal Hazardous Substances Act; http:/www.cpsc.gov/, http:/www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/regsumfhsa.pdf 2.1.1.3 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 Definition of S
16、olid Waste Compendium 2.1.1.4 Department of Agriculture, BioPreferred Program http:/www.biopreferred.gov/ 2.1.1.5 Department of Energy http:/www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/glossary.html 2.1.1.6 Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation http:/www.usbr.gov 2.1.1.7 Environmental Protection Agency: Ar
17、iel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Washington DC 20460, Tel. 202-272-0167; http:/www.epa.gov 2.1.1.7.1 EPA Design for the Environment http:/www.epa.gov/dfe/alternative_assessments.html, http:/www.epa.gov/dfe/multimedia/recognizedforsaferchemistry/dfe_video_popup.html http:/www.epa.gov/O
18、CEPAterms/cterms.html 2.1.1.7.2 EPA Green Chemistry; http:/www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/ 2.1.1.7.3 EPA Green House Gas Emissions: http:/www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/index.html 2.1.1.7.4 EPA Green Vehicle Guide Available from Compliance and Innovation Strategies Division, National Vehicle and Fu
19、el Emissions Laboratory, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, Tel. 734-214-4200, http:/www.epagov 2.1.1.7.5 EPA Life Cycle Assessment http:/www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/lca.html 2.1.1.7.6 EPA Toxic Substances Control Act http:/www.epa.gov/oppt/newchems/pubs/mixtures.txt 2.1.1.7.7 EPA Solid Waste
20、 http:/www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/dsw/compendium.htm http:/www.epa.gov/osw/index.htm http:/www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/index.htm SAE J2965 Issued JUN2013 Page 3 of 23 2.1.1.7.8 EPA Ozone Depleting Compounds: http:/www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/ 2.1.1.8 Federal Trade Commission 600 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Was
21、hington DC 20580, Tel. 202-326-2222, http:/www.ftc.gov 2.1.1.8.1 FTC Green Guides http:/www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/microsites/energy/about_guides.shtml 2.1.1.9 General Services Administration http:/www.gsa.gov/portal/category/100000 2.1.1.10 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) http:/www.os
22、ha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html 2.1.2 International Governments and Organizations 2.1.2.1 Canadian Government http:/www.biobasics.gc.ca/english/view.asp?x=790 2.1.2.2 British Columbias Ministry of Environment; http:/www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/resources/glossary.html 2.1.2.3 European Commission, Environment DG
23、, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium Tel. 00 800 6 7 91011 http:/eur-lex.europa.eu http:/europa.eu http:/europa.eu/legislation_summaries/index_en.htm 2.1.2.4 European Parliament and Council on the Restrictions of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (COM(2008)0809-66-
24、0471/2008-2008/0242(COD) 2.1.2.5 European Union (EU) 2.1.2.5.1 Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on end-of life vehicles, Art. 2.1. and 2.2. 2.1.2.5.2 Directive 70/156/EEC, Directive 92/61/EEC, and Directive 75/442/EEC; 2.1.2.6 International Agency for Research on Ca
25、ncer http:/www.iarc.fr/ 2.1.2.7 United Nations 2.1.2.7.1 Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 2.1.2.7.2 United Nations Environment Programme; http:/www.unep.org/climateneutral/About/tabid/95/Default.aspx 2.1.2.7.3 United Nations Economic Commissio
26、n for Europe (ECOSOC) Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG) and on the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) http:/www.unece.org/trans/main/dgdb/dgcomm/ac10rep.html http:/www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev04/04files_e.html 2
27、.2 Other Related References, Citations, and Publications 2.2.1 American Chemical Society Publication http:/www.acs.org SAE J2965 Issued JUN2013 Page 4 of 23 Available from ACS 1155 16th St., Washington D.C. 20036, Tel: 800-333-9511, Anastas, P.T. and Zimmerman, J.B., “Design through the Twelve Princ
28、iples of Green Engineering”, Environmental Science and (2) The rate and extent of degradation. In contrast to the general meaning above there are precise meanings given by different standards bodies. European Standard EN13432, Japanese Greenpla standard Australian standard AS 4736-2006 ISO 14855-1:2
29、005 ASTM D6400-99 All of these standards define biodegradability in respect of a time period of 6 months and each of the named standards sets limits for the amounts of heavy metals that the material may contain. 3.6 BIOENERGY Energy generated from renewable, biological sources (biomass) such as plan
30、ts, to be used for heat, electricity, or vehicle fuel. Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a sustainable basis includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants,
31、and other waste materials including some municipal wastes. Biomass is a very heterogeneous and chemically complex renewable resource. 3.7 BIOMASS Biomass is any organic, nonfossil matter available on a renewable or recurring basis (excluding old-growth timber). Biomass includes all biological organi
32、sms, dead or alive, and their metabolic by-products that have not been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum. Examples of biomass are forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aq
33、uatic plants, and some municipal and industrial wastes. Biomass also includes the animals that feed on plants (and other animals) as well as a variety of destruents including bacteria and fungiwhich transform plants, animals, and their organic wastes back into water and carbon dioxide (CO2). 3.8 BIO
34、POLYMER Polymers which are present in, or created by, living organisms. These include polymers from renewable resources that can be polymerized to create bioplastics. SAE J2965 Issued JUN2013 Page 7 of 23 3.9 CALIFORNIA VEHICLE EMISSION CATEGORIES Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) Transitional Low-Emission
35、 Vehicle (TLEV) Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (ULEV) Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (SULEV) Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT PZEV) Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) The California Air Resources Board (CARB) first adopted Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) s
36、tandards in 1990. These LEV I standards were in effect from 1994 through 2003. LEV II regulations were in effect from 2004 through 2010. The LEV standard created major emission categories, each with several targets available depending on vehicle weight and cargo capacity. Vehicles with a test weight
37、 up to 14,000 pounds (6,350 kg) were covered by the regulations. The major emission categories were, listed here in order of decreasing emissions: 3.10 TLEV Transitional Low Emission Vehicle. Emissions rating within Californias LEV 1 exhaust emission standards;phased out in 2004. 3.11 LEV 1 LEV Low
38、Emission Vehicle rating within Californias LEV 1 exhaust emission standards. The LEV 1 emission standards apply to cars from 1994-2003. However some cars were still certified as LEV 1 LEVs after 2003. 3.12 LEV 2 LEV A Low Emission Vehicle emissions rating within Californias LEV 2 exhaust emission st
39、andards. The LEV 2 emission standards were adopted in 1998 and apply to cars from 2004-2019. However some cars were certified as LEV 2 LEVs before 2004. 3.13 LEV 1 ULEV An Ultra Low Emission Vehicle is a vehicle emissions rating within Californias LEV 1 exhaust emission standards. The LEV 1 emission
40、 standards apply to cars from 1994-2003. However some cars were still certified as LEV 1 LEVs after 2003. 3.14 LEV 2 ULEV An Ultra Low Emission Vehicle emissions rating within Californias LEV 2 exhaust emission standards. The LEV 2 emission standards were adopted in 1998 and apply to cars from 2004-
41、2019. However some cars were certified as LEV 2 LEVs before 2004. 3.15 SULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle is a vehicle emissions rating within Californias LEV 2 exhaust emission standards that meets 0.03 grams per mile of non-methane organic gases and nitrogen oxides. The LEV 2 emission standard
42、s were adopted in 1998 and apply to cars from 2004-2019. However, some cars were certified as LEV 2 before 2004. SAE J2965 Issued JUN2013 Page 8 of 23 3.16 PZEV Partial Zero Emission Vehicle is a vehicle emissions rating within Californias exhaust emission standards. Cars that are certified as PZEVs
43、 meet the Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard, have zero evaporative emissions from its fuel system and include a 15 year/150,000 mile warranty on the emissions system. PZEVs run on gasoline, yet offer extremely clean emissions and an extended warranty and zero evaporative emi
44、ssions. 3.17 AT PZEV Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle is a vehicle emissions rating within Californias exhaust emission standards. An AT PZEV meets the same requirements as a PZEV and includes zero emission vehicle enabling technologies such as hybrids and hydrogen internal combusti
45、on engine vehicles. 3.18 ENHANCED AT-PZEV A vehicle that meets the AT-PZEV requirements and makes use of an off-board ZEV fuel such as electricity or hydrogen. 3.19 ZEV A vehicle that produces no emissions from the on-board source of power. The only technologies that meet this definition are Battery
46、 Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles. 3.20 CARBON FOOTPRINT Measures the total greenhouse emissions directly and indirectly by a person, organization, event, or product. The footprint considers all six of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), n
47、itrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). A carbon footprint is measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (tCO2e). The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) allows the different greenhouse gases to be compared on a like-for-like basis r
48、elative to one unit of CO2. CO2e is calculated by multiplying the emissions of each of the six greenhouse gases by its 100 year global warming potential (GWP). 3.21 CARBON NEUTRAL Carbon Neutral refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an e
49、quivalent amount of carbon sequestered or offset. For example, carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels are burned in vehicles. Those emissions can be balanced out by planting trees because vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide. There are many ways governments, industry, and individuals can work towards being carbon neutral. An organization is carbon neutral if it has calculated its
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